Table 2.
Multivariable Logistic Regression of Factors Associated with Insufficient Sleep Among Working Adults in Malaysia (N = 11,356)
| Adjusted | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Age categories | |||
| 18–24 years (ref) | – | – | – |
| 25–34 years | 1.21 | 1.03–1.41 | 0.017 |
| 35–44 years | 1.50 | 1.26–1.77 | 0.001 |
| 45–54 years | 1.88 | 1.56–2.27 | 0.001 |
| 55 years and above | 2.22 | 1.72–2.86 | 0.001 |
| Gender | |||
| Male (ref) | – | – | – |
| Female | 1.05 | 0.96–1.14 | 0.298 |
| Marital status | |||
| Cohabitating/Separated/Divorced/Widowed (ref) | – | – | – |
| Married | 0.82 | 0.68–0.99 | 0.039 |
| Single | 0.80 | 0.65–0.97 | 0.024 |
| Educational attainment | 0.132 | ||
| No formal education, primary, lower & upper secondary | – | – | – |
| A-levels or equivalent | 1.10 | 0.97–1.25 | 0.156 |
| Undergraduate degree | 1.13 | 1.01–1.28 | 0.042 |
| Postgraduate degree | 1.03 | 0.89–1.19 | 0.678 |
| Smoking status | |||
| Never smokers (ref) | – | – | – |
| Ever smokers | 1.38 | 1.25–1.53 | 0.001 |
| Psychological distress | |||
| K10 score less than 20 (ref) | – | – | – |
| K10 psychologically distressed score ≥20 | 1.33 | 1.17–1.53 | 0.001 |
| Factors affecting sleep quality: | |||
| Work stress | 1.02 | 0.94–1.10 | 0.701 |
| Child/ children | 1.35 | 1.21–1.50 | 0.001 |
| Neighbours/ housing | 0.89 | 0.71–1.06 | 0.163 |
| Lifestyle | 1.38 | 1.25–1.53 | 0.001 |
| Financial concerns | 1.12 | 1.01–1.25 | 0.040 |
| Health issues | 0.92 | 0.82–1.03 | 0.149 |
| Relationship problems | 1.03 | 0.91–1.17 | 0.632 |
| Poor sleeping conditions | 1.21 | 1.07–1.36 | 0.002 |
| Mental health issues | 1.32 | 1.12–1.54 | 0.001 |
Note: DV: Sleep, less than 7 hours of sleep.