Table 1.
Survival of virus on surfaces
| References | Test virus | Viral titer | Substrate | T | RH | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lin and Marr (2020) | MS2 phage and Φ6 phage | 1010 to 1011 pfu·ml−1 | Polystyrene cell culture plate | 22 ℃ |
23–100% 7 working conditions |
Both viruses had high relative survival at low and high RH |
| Prussin et al. (2018) | Phi6 phage | 108 to 1010pfu·ml−1 | Cell culture plate |
14 °C; 19 °C; 22 °C; 25 °C; 28 °C; 31 °C; 34 °C; 37 °C; 40 °C |
23–98% 7 working conditions |
Viral infectivity decreases exponentially with increasing temperature. When RH is moderate, the infectivity decreases significantly |
| Yang et al. (2012) | IAV | 1.78 × 108 TCID50·ml−1 | Cell culture plate | 20–24 °C |
17.5–98.9 9 working conditions |
The survival rate of influenza virus was highest when the RH was close to 100% or less than 50% |
| Chan et al. (2011) | SARS-CoV | 107 TCID50·ml−1 | Plastic plates | 28 °C; 33 °C; 38 °C 80 °C; | 89%; > 95% | High RH and high temperature have certain inactivation effect on SARS-CoV |
| Casanova et al. (2010) | TGEV | 106 to 107MPN·ml−1 | Stainless steel | 4 °C; 20 °C; 40 °C | 20%; 50%; 80% | High temperature inactivates the virus to a certain extent; the inactivation rate of the virus is higher under moderate RH |
| MHV | 106 to 107MPN·ml−1 | 4 °C; 20 °C;40 °C | 20%; 50%; 80% | |||
| Duan et al. (2003) | SARS-CoV | 3.33 × 106 TCID50·ml−1 | Materials in household and in nature | 4 °C; 20 °C; 37 °C; 56 °C; 67 °C; 75 °C | Uncontrolled | The infectivity of SARS-CoV decreases with increasing temperature |
| Riddell et al. (2020) | SARS-CoV-2 | 4.97 × 107·ml−1 | Stainless steel, Polymer note, Paper note, Glass, Cotton, Vinyl | 20 °C; 30 °C; 40 °C | Uncontrolled | High temperature decreases the half-life and initial viral loads of SARS-CoV-2 on different surfaces |
| Kratzel et al. (2020) | SARS-CoV-2/München-1.1/2020/929 | 1.58 × 107 TCID50·ml−1 | Metal discs | 4 °C; Room temper-ature; 30 °C | Uncontrolled | The recovered virus titers had only minimal decline at 30 °C and a larger variability at 4 °C |
| Bearden and Casanova (2016) | Φ6 phage | 107 PFU | Plastic toy | 22 ℃ | 40%; 60% | Inactivation was approximately 2log10 after 24 h at 60% RH and 6.8log10 at 10 h at 40% RH |