Table 3.

Odds of Drug-Related Poisoning Associated with Benzodiazepine Use

		Odds Ratio Estimates

	Effect	Point Estimate	95% Confidence Intervals
Model 1	Buprenorphine	0.63	0.60	0.66
	Any Benzodiazepine or Z Drug	1.81	1.73	1.91

Model 2	Buprenorphine	0.63	0.60	0.67
	Benzodiazepines, excluding Z Drugs	1.88	1.78	1.98
	Z Drugs	1.29	1.19	1.39

Model 3	Buprenorphine	0.63	0.60	0.67
	Benzodiazepines, excluding Z Drugs	1.88	1.79	1.99
	Z Drugs	1.29	1.19	1.40
	SSRIs	0.95	0.90	1.00

Model 4	Buprenorphine (among benzodiazepine or Z drug users)	0.64	0.60	0.69

Model 5	Buprenorphine (among benzodiazepine or Z drug non-users)	0.64	0.59	0.69

Model 6	Buprenorphine	0.63	0.60	0.66
	Short-acting Benzodiazepines	1.86	1.75	1.97
	Long-acting Benzodiazepines	1.68	1.54	1.83
	Z Drugs	1.29	1.19	1.39

Model 7	Buprenorphine	0.63	0.60	0.66
	Low-dose Benzodiazepines ^a	1.78	1.67	1.88
	High-dose Benzodiazepines ^b	2.22	2.03	2.43
	Z Drugs	1.29	1.19	1.39

Model 8	Buprenorphine	0.64	0.62	0.67
	Any Benzodiazepine or Z Drug, low dose ^c	1.86	1.77	1.95
	Any Benzodiazepine or Z Drug, high dose ^d	2.53	2.35	2.73

Model 9	Low-dose Buprenorphine ^e	0.62	0.57	0.67
	High-dose Buprenorphine ^f	0.63	0.59	0.67
	Low-dose Benzodiazepines	1.78	1.68	1.88
	High-dose Benzodiazepines	2.22	2.03	2.43
	Z Drugs	1.29	1.19	1.39

Model 10	Buprenorphine only	0.61	0.58	0.65
	Benzodiazepine or Z Drug, low dose (+ Buprenorphine)	1.11	1.00	1.23
	Benzodiazepine or Z Drug, high dose (+ Buprenorphine)	1.64	1.39	1.93
	Benzodiazepine or Z Drug, low dose (no buprenorphine)	1.69	1.60	1.79
	Benzodiazepine or Z Drug, high dose (no buprenorphine)	2.23	2.04	2.45

Low-dose Benzodiazepines: ≤ 30 diazepam equivalent milligrams daily

High-dose Benzodiazepines: > 30 mg diazepam equivalent milligrams daily

Low-dose Benzodiazepines or Z drugs: ≤ 30 diazepam equivalent milligrams daily

High-dose benzodiazepines or Z drugs: > 30 diazepam equivalent milligrams daily

Low-dose buprenorphine: ≤12 milligrams daily

High-dose buprenorphine: > 12 milligrams daily