Table 1.

List of variables for empirical analysis

Variable	Characteristics
Dependent variable
Health service underutilization	No (Reference); Yes
Independent variable
Predisposing factors
Age	Years (Continuous)
Gender	Female (Reference); Male
Ethnicity	Han ethnic (Reference); Minorities
Marital status	Other (Unmarried/divorced/widowed, reference); Married
Education level	Primary school or below (Reference); Junior high school; Senior high school or above
Enabling factors
Income	Low (Reference); Middle; High
Medical insurance	Uninsured (Reference); URRBMI (including URBMI or NRCMS); UEBMI Others (e.g., commercial insurance)
Regular follow-up (source of care)	No (Reference); Yes
Distance to the nearest health facility	Less than one kilometer (Reference); 1-5 km; More than 5 km
Need factors
Self-reported health score	Points (Continuous)