Table 3.
Univariate and Multivariate Cox Proportional Hazards Model for the Association Between Malnutrition and All-Cause Death
| Univariate Analysis | Multivariable Analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR [95% CI] | p-value | HR [95% CI] | p-value | |
| Continuous CONUT score | 1.15 (1.14–1.17) | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.04–1.08) | <0.001 |
| Malnutrition, degree | ||||
| Absent | Ref | Ref | ||
| Mild | 1.46 (1.34–1.59) | <0.001 | 1.20 (1.09–1.33) | <0.001 |
| Moderate | 2.08 (1.88–2.30) | <0.001 | 1.32 (1.17–1.49) | <0.001 |
| Severe | 4.16 (3.31–5.23) | <0.001 | 1.76 (1.33–2.33) | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1.90 (1.62–2.24) | <0.001 | 1.41 (1.17–1.69) | <0.001 |
| DM | 1.29 (1.20–1.39) | <0.001 | 1.20 (1.10–1.30) | <0.001 |
| eGFR< 60 | 2.04 (1.89–2.20) | <0.001 | 1.44 (1.32–1.56) | <0.001 |
| Anemia | 1.45 (1.36–1.56) | <0.001 | 1.12 (1.03–1.21) | 0.003 |
| CHF | 2.50 (2.28–2.74) | <0.001 | 1.75 (1.57–1.94) | <0.001 |
| ACEI or ARB | 0.81 (0.76–0.88) | <0.001 | 0.86 (0.80–0.93) | <0.001 |
| Beta-blockers | 0.80 (0.73–0.87) | <0.001 | 0.92 (0.83–1.02) | 0.096 |
| Statin | 0.58 (0.48–0.70) | <0.001 | 0.73 (0.60–0.89) | 0.002 |
Notes: Adjusted by gender, age, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, eGFR< 60, chronic kidney disease, anaemia, congestive and heart failure, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers, statin.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; CAD, coronary artery disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; Pre-MI, Pre-myocardial infarction; DM, diabetes mellitus; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; WBC, white blood cell; LYM, lymphocyte; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; CCB, calcium blocker; CONUT, Controlling Nutritional Status.