Table 2.

Sensitivity check

Source: The Labor Force Survey (MIC)

Indep. var	Loose employment measure			Strict employment measure
Mean in 2019	0.6040			0.5881
Sample period	2013–2020	2014–2020	2015–2020	2013–2020	2014–2020	2015–2020
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
2020.01	0.0012	− 0.0011	−0.0055${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$	0.0009	− 0.0014	− 0.0054${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$
	(0.0017)	(0.0017)	(0.0018)	(0.0017)	(0.0017)	(0.0018)
2020.02	0.0017	− 0.0003	−0.0040${}^{\ast \ast }$	0.0005	− 0.0015	− 0.0049${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$
	(0.0016)	(0.0017)	(0.0018)	(0.0017)	(0.0017)	(0.0018)
2020.03	0.0016	− 0.0004	− 0.0040${}^{\ast \ast }$	−0.0025	− 0.0043${}^{\ast \ast }$	− 0.0073${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$
	(0.0017)	(0.0017)	(0.0018)	(0.0017)	(0.0018)	(0.0018)
2020.04	− 0.0094${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$	− 0.0112${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$	− 0.0149${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$	− 0.0488${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$	− 0.0505${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$	− 0.0539${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$
	(0.0017)	(0.0018)	(0.0018)	(0.0018)	(0.0019)	(0.0019)
2020.05	− 0.0111${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$	− 0.0132${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$	− 0.0167${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$	− 0.0357${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$	− 0.0377${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$	− 0.0408${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$
	(0.0017)	(0.0018)	(0.0018)	(0.0018)	(0.0018)	(0.0019)
2020.06	− 0.0111${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$	– 0.0135${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$	− 0.0175${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$	− 0.0182${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$	− 0.0205${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$	– 0.0240${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$
	(0.0017)	(0.0018)	(0.0018)	(0.0018)	(0.0018)	(0.0019)
$N$	7214280	6221083	5250929	7214280	6221083	5250929

This table shows the coefficients (deviations from the predicted values) for each month in 2020, as estimated in Eq. 2. We include dummy variables for gender and 5-year age group dummy variables as independent variables. Robust standard errors are in parentheses. We refer to the employment measure inclusive of workers who are absent from work as the loose employment measure and that excluding workers who are absent from work as the strict employment measure. For the mean in 2019 for each employment rate, the average from January to June is used. ${}^{\ast }$ $\mathit{p}<0.1$, ${}^{\ast \ast }$ $\mathit{p}<0.05$, ${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$ $\mathit{p}<0.01$