Table 3.
Associations between intake of raw tomato, tomato catsup or lycopene, and CVD mortality.
| Variables | Median | Cohort (n) | Cases (n) | HR (95% CI)#, p-value | HR (95% CI)*, p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raw tomato (g/day) | |||||
| Q1 (≤ 3.63) | 1.63 | 20,508 | 1,645 | Reference group | Reference group |
| Q2 (≥3.65– ≤ 9.53) | 6.33 | 20,276 | 1,526 | 0.92 (0.86–0.99), p = 0.018 | 0.96 (0.90–1.04), p = 0.327 |
| Q3 (≥9.55– ≤ 17.56) | 12.91 | 20,619 | 1,491 | 0.89 (0.83–0.95), p = 0.001 | 0.96 (0.90–1.04), p = 0.323 |
| Q4 (≥17.67– ≤ 32.44) | 23.79 | 20,928 | 1,413 | 0.84 (0.78–0.90), p < 0.001 | 0.90 (0.83–0.97), p = 0.006 |
| Q5 (≥32.64) | 50.24 | 19,506 | 1,459 | 0.92 (0.86–0.98), p = 0.017 | 0.95 (0.88–1.03), p = 0.248 |
| p for trend = 0.063 | p for trend = 0.268 | ||||
| Tomato catsup (g/day) | |||||
| Q1 (≤ 0.11) | 0 | 21,636 | 1,705 | Reference group | Reference group |
| Q2 (≥0.13– ≤ 0.44) | 0.17 | 19,575 | 1,328 | 0.93 (0.86–1.00), p = 0.045 | 0.96 (0.89–1.03), p = 0.236 |
| Q3 (≥0.48– ≤ 1.15) | 0.58 | 21,243 | 1,400 | 0.89 (0.83–0.95), p = 0.001 | 0.91 (0.85–0.98), p = 0.009 |
| Q4 (≥1.20– ≤ 2.53) | 1.99 | 19,486 | 1,634 | 0.93 (0.87–1.00), p = 0.043 | 0.96 (0.89–1.03), p = 0.285 |
| Q5 (≥2.95) | 5.06 | 19,897 | 1,467 | 0.95 (0.88–1.02), p = 0.140 | 0.92 (0.85–0.99), p = 0.029 |
| p for trend = 0.903 | p for trend = 0.167 | ||||
| Lycopene (mg/day) | |||||
| Q1 (<2.79) | 2.07 | 20,368 | 1,688 | Reference group | Reference group |
| Q2 (≥2.79– <4.06) | 3.42 | 20,367 | 1,494 | 0.91 (0.85–0.98), p = 0.011 | 0.95 (0.89–1.03), p = 0.200 |
| Q3 (≥4.06– <5.61) | 4.76 | 20,368 | 1,378 | 0.87 (0.81–0.94), p < 0.001 | 0.91 (0.85–0.98), p = 0.017 |
| Q4 (≥5.61– <8.44) | 6.74 | 20,367 | 1,373 | 0.88 (0.82–0.94), p < 0.001 | 0.90 (0.83–0.98), p = 0.012 |
| Q5 (≥8.44) | 12.06 | 20,367 | 1,601 | 1.03 (0.96–1.11), p = 0.375 | 1.01 (0.93–1.11), p = 0.742 |
| p for trend = 0.033 | p for trend = 0.265 | ||||
Adjusted for age (continuous) and sex (male vs. female).
Further adjusted for race (non-Hispanic White vs. Other), body mass index (BMI, continuous), education (≤ high school vs. ≥some college), smoking status (never vs. former ≤ 15 years since quit vs. former >15 years since quit vs. former year since quit unknown vs. current smoker ≤ 1 pack per day vs. current smoker >1 pack per day vs. current smoker intensity unknown), marital status (married vs. not married), randomization arm (screening group vs. control group), aspirin use (yes vs. no), history of hypertension (yes vs. no), history of diabetes (yes vs. no), history of stroke (yes vs. no), history of heart attack (yes vs. no), vegetables intake (continuous), fruit intake (continuous), alcohol drinking status (never vs. former vs. current), and total energy intake (continuous).