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Magnetic tweezers used in transcription elongation studies. (A) Schematic representation of magnetic tweezers set-up in “relaxed” phase. (B) RNAP binding onto promoter of negatively supercoiled DNA substrate leads to unwinding of one turn and, therefore, to higher magnetic bead position. (C) RNAP binding onto promoter of positively supercoiled DNA substrate gives rise to one additional turn and, therefore, to a drop of magnetic bead position.
