Table 1.

Participant characteristics.

	HIV-negatives (n = 104)	HIV-positives (n = 185)	P
Gender, female	53 (51)	129 (69.7)	0.002
Age in years	36.5 (32.3 - 46.5)	42.5 (38.1 - 48.6)	<0.001
Years since HIV diagnosis		9.0 (7.0 - 12.4)
Years on ART		8.0 (6.0 – 10.5)
Current smoking	38 (37.3)	17 (9.2)	<0.001
BMI (kg/m2)	25.3 (21.5 - 30.9)	26.5 (23.1 - 32.0)	0.120
Waist to hip ratio (cm) (n=284)	0.86 (0.82 - 0.90)	0.87 (0.83 - 0.91)	0.047
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	122.5 (116.1 - 133.6)	120.0 (111.0 - 131.5)	0.036
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	78.3 (72.5 - 84.8)	78.5 (70.3 - 83.5)	0.295
Hypertension#	27 (26.0)	41 (22.2)	0.465
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) (n=281)	4.34 (3.75 - 4.77)	4.70 (4.18 - 5.35)	<0.001
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) (n=281)	1.26 (1.09 - 1.68)	1.34 (1.12 - 1.58)	0.816
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) (n=281)	2.26 (1.73 - 2.77)	3.01 (2.40 - 3.61)	<0.001
Triglycerides (mmol/L) (n=281)	1.06 (0.82 - 1.34)	1.26 (0.90 - 1.71)	0.002
Random glucose (mmol/L) (n=278)	4.8 (4.4 - 5.3)	4.6 (4.4 - 5.0)	0.011
Insulin (mE/L) (n=284)	9.3 (4.4 - 21.0)	14.0 (7.4 – 27.0)	0.003
Diabetes (n=278)*	0 (0.0)	5 (2.9)	0.161
CD4 cell count (cells/mm3) (n=177)		623 (430 - 804)
Max CCA-IMT	0.618 (0.549 - 0.700)	0.668 (0.602 - 0.757)	<0.001
Mean CCA-IMT	0.540 (0.490 - 0.607)	0.566 (0.518 - 0.655)	0.003
Max bulb-IMT	0.736 (0.621 - 0.895)	0.813 (0.700 - 0.976)	0.010

Continuous outcomes were presented as median with interquartile range; categorical data as count with percentages.

^#defined as use of antihypertensive drugs or a systolic blood pressure ≥140mmHg and/or a diastolic blood pressure ≥90mmHg.

*defined as use of antidiabetic drugs or a random glucose >11.0 mmol/L ART, anti-retroviral therapy; BM, body mass index; CCA, common carotid artery; HDL, high density lipoprotein; IMT, intima-media thickness; LDL, low density lipoprotein.