Figure 4.

Devices developed for bioprinting microvessels. (A) Microvascular structures could be built by bioprinting based on inkjet, extraction, and direct laser writing (from ref.[77] licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License. Copyright © Mary Ann Liebert). (B) Direct bioprinting of microvascular structures based on the coaxial nozzle, and microscopic view of L929 mouse fibroblasts encapsulated by tubular alginate (Republished with permission from reference[88]). (C) Experimental setup and fabrication of engineered tissues containing microvascular structures using optical stereolithography[93]. (D) Microscopic photograph of a microheater array used to perform thermal stereolithography (Republished with permission, from Kojima M, Horade M, Takata S, et al., IEEE International Conference on Cyborg and Bionic Systems, IEEE, 2018.[97]).