Table 2.

Performance comparison of different bioinks for organoids

Bioink types	Cell types	Printing methods	Gelation method	Properties	References
Collagen-based	Human stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes	Extrusion	pH	Better biocompatibility Slow gelation rate Low mechanical properties	[33]
ECM-based	Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs)	Extrusion	Light	Better biocompatibility Better functionality	[36]
Alginate-based	HepaRG	Extrusion	Temperature/ion	Easy to prepare Fast gelation Better cytocompatibility	[52]
Hyaluronic acid-based	Primary cell liver	Extrusion	Chemical crosslinking	Better biocompatibility Slower gelation lower Mechanical properties	[28]
Agarose-based	Human umbilical vein smooth muscle cells (HUVSMCs) Human skin fibroblasts (HSFs)	Extrusion	Chemical crosslinking	Good gel forming ability Good mechanical properties and biological tolerance Limited ability to support cell growth	[25]
Fibrin-based	Human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) Endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs)	Laser-assisted	Thrombin	Better biocompatibility, biodegradability Poor mechanical properties	[30]
Cellulose-based	Human nasoseptal chondrocytes cells (hNCs)	Inkjet	Temperature	Environmentally sensitive Easy to gel	[29]
Gelatin-based	HepG2 cells	Extrusion	Light	Better biodegradability and remodeling	[31]