Table 6.
Prevalence ratios (95% CI) of the predictors of self-reported practices of selected COVID-appropriate preventive behaviors.
| Model A: | Model B: | Model C: | Model D: | Model E: | Model F: | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequently washing hands with soap and water | Frequently avoid touching face without cleaning hands | Frequently cleaning hands with sanitizer | Frequently covering mouth with crook of elbow while sneezing and coughing | Regular use of mask to cover nose and mouth | Regularly maintaining appropriate physical distance when outside | |||||||
| (n = 2,615) | (n = 2,617) | (n = 2,617) | (n = 2,616) | (n = 2,617) | (n = 2,617) | |||||||
| aPR (95% CI) | p-value | aPR (95% CI) | p-value | aPR (95% CI) | p-value | aPR (95% CI) | p-value | aPR (95% CI) | p-value | aPR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Higher vulnerability of the participants to COVID-19, with progression of pandemic (time) (Ref.: Lower or same) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) |
0.009 | 1.10 (0.99–1.22) |
0.060 | 0.92 (0.91–0.94) |
0.000 | 0.99 (0.95–1.04) |
0.757 | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) |
0.147 | 0.93 (0.91–0.95) |
0.000 |
| Higher vulnerability of a respondent to COVID-19 in comparison to others (Ref.: Lower) | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) |
0.014 | 0.87 (0.60–1.26) |
0.452 | 1.21 (1.14–1.28) |
0.000 | 1.02 (0.98–1.07) |
0.265 | 0.94 (0.92–0.95) |
0.000 | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) |
0.266 |
| Higher vulnerability of the participants to COVID-19, due to current residence area (Ref.: Lower) | 1.0.00 (0.97–1.02) |
0.934 | 1.70 (1.37–2.11) |
0.000 | 1.13 (1.10–1.16) |
0.000 | 0.99 (0.98–1.02) |
0.939 | 1.06 (1.05–1.07) |
0.000 | 0.98 (0.97–0.98) |
0.000 |
| Higher perceived severity of the disease compared to existing reports (Ref.: Lower) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) |
0.523 | 0.97 (0.77–1.23) |
0.818 | 0.91 (0.86–0.97) |
0.003 | 0.93 (0.89–0.97) |
0.000 | 1.06 (1.03–1.09) |
0.000 | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) |
0.560 |
| This particular preventive behavior is very effective in prevention of COVID-19 (Ref.: Somewhat or not effective) | 0.98 (0.93–1.04) |
0.565 | 1.37 (0.82–2.30) |
0.228 | 1.23 (1.14–1.32) |
0.000 | 0.99 (0.89–1.11) |
0.919 | 0.97 (0.93–1.02) |
0.297 | 0.99 (0.94–1.03) |
0.526 |
| Very confident to practice this particular preventive behavior (Ref.: Somewhat or not confident) | 1.66 (1.53–1.80) |
0.000 | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) |
0.744 | 2.87 (2.49–3.31) |
0.000 | 2.52 (2.19–2.91) |
0.000 | 1.35 (1.27–1.45) |
0.000 | 1.78 (1.71–1.84) |
0.000 |
| Frequently washing hands with soap and water (Ref.: Sometimes or rarely) | (Variable of interest in this model) | 0.74 (0.68–0.81) |
0.000 | 2.19 (1.89–2.53) |
0.000 | 1.05 (0.99–1.10) |
0.063 | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) |
0.134 | 1.11 (1.09–1.12) |
0.000 | |
| Frequently avoid touching face without cleaning hands (Ref.: Sometimes or rarely) | 0.97 (0.95–0.98) |
0.000 | (Variable of interest in this model) | 1.31 (1.27–1.35) |
0.000 | 1.03 (0.99–1.08) |
0.114 | 0.95 (0.93– 0.98) |
0.000 | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) |
0.599 | |
| Frequently cleaning hands with sanitizer (Ref.: Sometimes or rarely) | 1.19 (1.15–1.23) |
0.000 | 2.02 (1.85–2.21) |
0.000 | (Variable of interest in this model) | 1.05 (1.02–1.08) |
0.001 | 1.04 (1.02–1.06) |
0.000 | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) |
0.041 | |
| Frequently covering mouth with crook of elbow while sneezing and coughing (Ref.: Sometimes or rarely) | 1.12 (1.08–1.17) |
0.000 | 1.44 (1.18–1.75) |
0.001 | 1.12 (1.06–1.20) |
0.000 | (Variable of interest in this model) | 1.13 (1.11–1.14) |
0.000 | 1.06 (1.03–1.09) |
0.000 | |
| Regularly using mask to cover nose and mouth (Ref.: Sometimes or rarely) | 1.16 (1.08–1.24) |
0.000 | 0.57 (0.42–0.77) |
0.000 | 1.73 (1.48–2.02) |
0.000 | 1.79 (1.66–1.93) |
0.000 | (Variable of interest in this model) | 1.18 (1.12–1.25) |
0.000 | |
| Regularly maintaining appropriate physical distance when outside (Ref.: Sometimes or rarely) | 1.12 (1.10–1.15) |
0.000 | 1.05 (0.96–1.15) |
0.249 | 0.92 (0.83–1.01) |
0.081 | 1.11 (1.08–1.15) |
0.000 | 1.07 (1.05–1.09) |
0.000 | (Variable of interest in this model) | |
| Age group (Ref.: 18–35 Years) | ||||||||||||
| 36–50 years | 1.02 (0.97–1.06) |
0.503 | 0.91 (0.76–1.08) |
0.271 | 1.12 (1.05–1.20) |
0.000 | 0.99 (0.95–1.02) |
0.388 | 1.03 (1.00–1.07) |
0.034 | 0.92 (0.89–0.94) |
0.000 |
| 51–65 years | 1.06 (1.04–1.09) |
0.000 | 0.82 (0.59–1.15) |
0.246 | 0.91 (0.83–0.99) |
0.028 | 0.93 (0.91–0.94) | 0.000 | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) |
0.579 | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) |
0.113 |
| Gender (Ref.: Male) | ||||||||||||
| Female | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) |
0.914 | 0.98 (0.79–1.22) |
0.888 | 0.94 (0.86–1.03) |
0.167 | 0.99 (0.98–1.02) |
0.983 | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) |
0.143 | 1.07 (1.03–1.11) |
0.000 |
| Residence and living arrangement | ||||||||||||
| Rural (Ref.: Urban) | 1.03 (0.99–1.06) |
0.086 | 1.44 (1.21–1.71) |
0.000 | 0.88 (0.83–0.95) |
0.001 | 1.05 (1.01–1.09) |
0.022 | 0.96 (0.94–0.99) |
0.004 | 0.95 (0.92–0.99) |
0.015 |
| Living alone (Ref.: living with others) | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) |
0.201 | 0.78 (0.57–1.08) |
0.136 | 0.96 (0.85–1.09) |
0.578 | 1.04 (0.99–1.08) |
0.074 | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) |
0.238 | 0.94 (0.90–0.97) |
0.001 |
| Educational qualification (Ref.: Up to completed higher secondary level) | ||||||||||||
| Graduates and above with nonprofessional degrees | 1.03 (0.96–1.10) |
0.386 | 1.42 (0.94–2.16) |
0.100 | 0.74 (0.69–0.79) |
0.000 | 1.09 (1.03–1.15) |
0.004 | 1.04 (0.99–1.09) |
0.079 | 0.91 (0.86–0.96) |
0.001 |
| Professional degree (graduate and above) | 1.01 (0.93–1.10) |
0.763 | 1.82 (1.30–2.53) |
0.000 | 0.71 (0.61–0.81) |
0.000 | 1.08 (0.99–1.16) |
0.065 | 1.03 (0.98–1.09) |
0.221 | 0.92 (0.88–0.97) |
0.002 |
| Occupational status | ||||||||||||
| Going to workplace/institution on a regular basis (Ref.: not going on a regular basis) | 1.01 (0.98–1.05) |
0.444 | 0.64 (0.53–0.78) |
0.000 | 1.05 (0.99–1.11) |
0.075 | 0.97 (0.92–1.02) |
0.226 | 1.02 (0.99–1.04) |
0.168 | 1.03 (0.98–1.08) |
0.216 |
| Healthcare worker (Ref.: other than healthcare worker) | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) |
0.005 | 0.86 (0.69– 1.07) |
0.179 | 1.01 (0.97–1.06) |
0.639 | 0.99 (0.94–1.06) |
0.995 | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) |
0.714 | 0.96 (0.99–1.02) |
0.164 |
| Primary source of information on preventive practices (Ref.: Informed by a person other than healthcare worker) | ||||||||||||
| Informed by health personnel | 1.10 (1.07–1.14) |
0.000 | 0.91 (0.67–1.24) |
0.559 | 1.09 (0.95–1.25) |
0.208 | 1.16 (1.03–1.30) |
0.017 | 0.98 (0.95–1.02) |
0.326 | 1.12 (1.05–1.18) |
0.000 |
| Social media | 1.06 (1.03–1.11) |
0.001 | 0.89 (0.67–1.19) |
0.454 | 1.44 (1.01–1.29) |
0.028 | 1.13 (0.97–1.31) |
0.131 | 0.99 (0.96–1.03) |
0.750 | 1.14 (1.05–1.24) |
0.002 |
| News media | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) |
0.286 | 0.87 (0.68–1.13) |
0.306 | 1.03 (0.92–1.15) |
0.656 | 1.06 (0.97–1.16) |
0.184 | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) |
0.651 | 1.12 (1.05–1.20) |
0.000 |
aPR, adjusted prevalence ratio; Ref., Reference category. “n” represents the number of completed responses for all variables in the respective models. Log pseudo-likelihood for models, A: −2530.38, B: −1079.14, C: −1967.67, D: −2385.39, E: −2592.76, F: −2516.57; Akike's information criteria (AIC) for models, A: 1.94, B: 0.83, C: 1.50, D: 1.83, E: 1.98, F: 1.93; Bayesian information criteria (BIC) for model, A: −19921.98, B: −19185.59, C: 19112.53, D: −19652.23, E: −20246.35, F: −19908.74.