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. 2021 Jul 5;15:695899. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2021.695899

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Copyright © 2021 Horn and MacLean.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Proposed mechanisms by which extracellular vesicles (EVs) cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). EVs, or their contents, can enter or exit the brain through (1) receptor-mediated or adsorptive transcytosis, (2) breakdown of the BBB allowing for direct passage between endothelial cells, and (3) entry into endothelial cells and subsequent alteration of endothelial EVs. Figure created with BioRender.com.