Table 4.
Unadjusted and adjusted analysis of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine hesitancy predictors.
| Variable | OR (95% CI) | p value | aOR (95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (for each decade increase) | 0.71 (0.69 - 0.74) | <0.001 | 0.74 (0.70 - 0.78) | <0.001 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | Ref | - | Ref | - |
| Female | 1.72 (1.54 - 1.93) | <0.001 | 1.42 (1.24 - 1.62) | <0.001 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| White - British | Ref | - | Ref | - |
| White - Irish | 1.18 (0.85 - 1.63) | 0.32 | 1.39 (0.96 - 2.02) | 0.08 |
| White - Other/Gypsy Irish Traveller | 1.55 (1.33 - 1.81) | <0.001 | 1.48 (1.19 - 1.84) | 0.001 |
| Asian - Indian | 0.92 (0.79 - 1.07) | 0.28 | 0.76 (0.57 - 1.02) | 0.07 |
| Asian - Pakistani | 1.62 (1.26 - 2.08) | <0.001 | 1.18 (0.78 - 1.79) | 0.42 |
| Asian - Bangladeshi | 0.87 (0.47 - 1.59) | 0.64 | 0.66 (0.32 - 1.39) | 0.28 |
| Asian - Chinese | 1.80 (1.37 - 2.36) | <0.001 | 1.59 (1.15 - 2.20) | 0.005 |
| Asian - Other | 1.23 (0.96 - 1.57) | 0.1 | 1.03 (0.74 - 1.42) | 0.86 |
| Black - African | 2.09 (1.66 - 2.63) | <0.001 | 2.05 (1.49 - 2.82) | <0.001 |
| Black - Caribbean | 3.91 (2.62 - 5.84) | <0.001 | 3.37 (2.11 - 5.37) | <0.001 |
| Black - Other | 2.45 (0.99 - 6.06) | 0.05 | 1.63 (0.52 - 5.06) | 0.40 |
| Mixed - White & Black Caribbean | 2.23 (1.43 - 3.48) | <0.001 | 1.62 (0.98 - 2.67) | 0.06 |
| Mixed - White & Black African | 1.35 (0.78 - 2.33) | 0.28 | 1.36 (0.87 - 2.11) | 0.33 |
| Mixed - White & Asian | 0.95 (0.66 - 1.38) | 0.79 | 0.89 (0.59 - 1.36) | 0.60 |
| Mixed - Other | 1.29 (0.88 - 1.90) | 0.19 | 1.35 (0.87 - 2.11) | 0.18 |
| Arab | 1.43 (0.96 - 2.13) | 0.08 | 1.65 (0.97 - 2.82) | 0.07 |
| Other | 1.36 (0.91 - 2.03) | 0.13 | 1.41 (0.88 - 2.26) | 0.15 |
| Job role | ||||
| Doctors and medical support | Ref | - | Ref | - |
| Nurses, NAs, Midwives | 1.75 (1.54 - 2.00) | <0.001 | 1.17 (0.98 - 1.41) | 0.08 |
| Allied Health Professionals* | 1.39 (1.24 - 1.57) | <0.001 | 0.99 (0.85 - 1.16) | 0.90 |
| Dental | 1.21 (0.99 - 1.48) | 0.06 | 0.75 (0.58 - 0.97) | 0.03 |
| Admin / estates / other | 1.25 (0.99 - 1.57) | 0.06 | 1.03 (0.78 - 1.36) | 0.86 |
| Job location | ||||
| Not in hospital | Ref | - | Ref | - |
| Hospital | 1.22 (1.12 - 1.34) | <0.001 | 1.18 (1.06 - 1.32) | 0.004 |
| Religion | ||||
| No religion | Ref | - | Ref | - |
| Christian | 1.03 (0.94 - 1.14) | 0.52 | 0.99 (0.87 - 1.12) | 0.85 |
| Buddhist | 1.27 (0.86 - 1.86) | 0.23 | 1.10 (0.70 - 1.72) | 0.68 |
| Hindu | 0.83 (0.68 - 1.02) | 0.08 | 1.10 (0.79 - 1.53) | 0.58 |
| Jewish | 0.49 (0.27 - 0.88) | 0.02 | 0.54 (0.28 - 1.03) | 0.06 |
| Muslim | 1.31 (1.09 - 1.58) | 0.003 | 1.02 (0.73 - 1.42) | 0.92 |
| Sikh | 1.10 (0.72 - 1.68) | 0.67 | 1.39 (0.81 - 2.38) | 0.24 |
| Other | 1.74 (1.25 - 2.44) | 0.001 | 1.77 (1.19 - 2.62) | 0.005 |
| Religiosity | 1.10 (1.05 - 1.15) | <0.001 | 1.03 (0.97 - 1.10) | 0.38 |
| Country of Birth | ||||
| Outside UK | Ref | - | Ref | - |
| UK | 0.89 (0.80 - 0.97) | 0.01 | 1.26 (1.07 - 1.48) | 0.006 |
| IMD quintile | ||||
| 1 (most deprived) | 1.38 (1.16 - 1.64) | <0.001 | 0.96 (0.79 - 1.17) | 0.66 |
| 2 | 1.26 (1.08 - 1.46) | 0.003 | 1.10 (0.93 - 1.31) | 0.26 |
| 3 | Ref | - | Ref | - |
| 4 | 0.93 (0.81 - 1.07) | 0.32 | 1.01 (0.86 - 1.18) | 0.90 |
| 5 (least deprived) | 0.87 (0.76 - 0.99) | 0.04 | 1.00 (0.87 - 1.16) | 0.95 |
| Influenza vaccination 2019 - 2020 | ||||
| Unvaccinated | Ref | - | Ref | - |
| Vaccinated | 0.46 (0.43 - 0.51) | <0.001 | 0.51 (0.46 - 0.57) | <0.001 |
| Pro-vaccine attitudes | 0.78 (0.73 - 0.84) | <0.001 | 0.82 (0.78 - 0.86) | <0.001 |
| COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs scale | 1.22 (1.20 - 1.24) | <0.001 | 1.12 (1.08 - 1.16) | <0.001 |
| Trust in employer: | ||||
| Feel secure raising concerns about unsafe clinical practice | 0.85 (0.81 - 0.88) | <0.001 | 1.02 (0.96 - 1.09) | 0.51 |
| Feel confident concerns would be addressed | 0.82 (0.78 - 0.85) | <0.001 | 0.87 (0.82 - 0.93) | <0.001 |
| Discrimination at work on the basis of ethnicity, nationality or religion | 1.45 (1.28 - 1.64) | <0.001 | 0.99 (0.84 - 1.17) | 0.93 |
| Number of comorbidities | ||||
| 0 | Ref | - | Ref | - |
| 1 | 0.83 (0.75 - 0.93) | 0.001 | 0.97 (0.85 - 1.10) | 0.65 |
| ≥2 | 0.72 (0.59 - 0.87) | 0.001 | 1.11 (0.87 - 1.40) | 0.40 |
| BMI category | ||||
| <18.5 | 1.04 (0.72 - 1.52) | 0.81 | 0.89 (0.58 - 1.36) | 0.58 |
| 18.5 to <25 | Ref | - | Ref | - |
| 25 to <30 | 0.91 (0.82 - 1.01) | 0.07 | 0.90 (0.80 - 1.02) | 0.09 |
| 30 to <40 | 0.96 (0.85 - 1.09) | 0.52 | 0.87 (0.76 - 1.01) | 0.07 |
| ≥ 40 | 0.87 (0.65 - 1.16) | 0.33 | 0.68 (0.50 - 0.95) | 0.02 |
| Pregnancy | ||||
| Not pregnant | Ref | - | Ref | - |
| Pregnant | 5.87 (4.14 - 8.33) | <0.001 | 7.12 (4.74 - 10.70) | <0.001 |
| Previous evidence of COVID-19 (PCR or serology) | ||||
| Negative | Ref | - | Ref | - |
| Never tested | 1.02 (0.90 - 1.15) | 0.76 | 0.95 (0.83 - 1.10) | 0.52 |
| Positive | 1.46 (1.32 - 1.62) | <0.001 | 1.30 (1.14 - 1.47) | <0.001 |
| Perceived risk of hospitalisation with COVID-19 (for each 10 point increase) | 0.97 (0.95 - 0.99) | 0.001 | 0.97 (0.94 - 0.99) | 0.009 |
| Perceived risk of unknowingly spreading COVID-19 | ||||
| Not concerned | Ref | - | Ref | - |
| Quite or very concerned | 0.95 (0.87 - 1.03) | 0.22 | 0.88 (0.79 - 0.97) | 0.01 |
| Exposure to COVID-19 patients at work | ||||
| Unexposed | Ref | - | Ref | - |
| Exposed | 1.22 (1.11 - 1.34) | <0.001 | 0.90 (0.80 - 1.01) | 0.07 |
| Personality factors | ||||
| Agreeableness | 0.97 (0.96 - 0.99) | 0.001 | 0.98 (0.96 - 0.99) | 0.01 |
| Conscientiousness | 0.99 (0.98 - 1.01) | 0.40 | 1.00 (0.98 - 1.02) | 0.75 |
| Extraversion | 0.98 (0.97 - 0.99) | 0.003 | 0.99 (0.98 - 1.01) | 0.04 |
| Neuroticism | 1.02 (1.01 - 1.04) | <0.001 | 0.99 (0.98 - 1.00) | 0.44 |
| Openness | 0.99 (0.97 - 1.00) | 0.03 | 0.99 (0.98 - 1.01) | 0.23 |
| Fatalism | 1.03 (1.02 - 1.04) | <0.001 | 1.00 (0.99 - 1.01) | 0.54 |
| Information sources | ||||
| Friends | 1.40 (1.19 - 1.65) | <0.001 | 1.27 (1.02 - 1.57) | 0.03 |
| Mainstream media | 0.68 (0.60 - 0.76) | <0.001 | 0.82 (0.70 - 0.96) | 0.01 |
| Official | 0.77 (0.63 - 0.94) | 0.01 | 0.85 (0.66 - 1.10) | 0.21 |
| Scientific | 0.88 (0.76 - 1.02) | 0.09 | 1.28 (1.07 - 1.53) | 0.007 |
| Time of questionnaire completion | ||||
| December 2020 | Ref | - | Ref | - |
| January 2021 or after | 0.49 (0.45 - 0.54) | <0.001 | 0.52 (0.30 - 0.90) | <0.001 |
⁎
Also includes pharmacists, healthcare scientists, ambulance workers and those in optical roles