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. 2021 Jul 19;13:118. doi: 10.1186/s13073-021-00933-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Droplet-based single-nucleus RNA sequencing in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), medulla oblongata (medulla), and choroid plexus (ChP) of 5 COVID-19 patients and 4 controls. A Experimental design. Frozen specimens of the human brain were dissected and subjected to a number of molecular assays, including single-nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq), viral genome RNA-seq, and SARS-CoV-2 viral spike protein detection. B Uniform manifold approximation and projection visualization of annotated single-nucleus data (n = 68,557 barcodes). Colors show annotated cell types. C Distribution of canonical gene markers on annotated cell populations. The range of violins is adjusted by the maximum and minimum in each row. D Cell composition of mesenchymal cells and monocytes/macrophage in the choroid plexus stratified by case-control status. Only comparisons across tissues and cell types that survived false discovery rate correction are shown. Ast1 and Ast2 are the 2 groups of astrocytes. End, endothelial cells; Epi, epithelial cells; Ep, ependymal cells; Ex, excitatory neurons; In, inhibitory neurons; LM, lymphocytes; Mes, mesenchymal cells; Mic: microglia; Mo/MP, monocytes/macrophage; Oli, oligodendrocytes; Opc, oligodendrocyte progenitor cell. Peri1 and Peri2 are the two groups of pericytes