FIGURE 2.

Methodologies used for direct neuronal reprogramming in vitro. (A) Direct neuronal reprogramming involves the direct conversion of somatic cells, usually astrocytes or fibroblasts, either directly into iNs or into iNSCs or iNPCs, which in turn can be differentiated into neurons. (B) Neuronal lineage conversion has been studies in murine and human cells for the most part, and involves the forced expression of lineage specifying transcription factors or miRNAs and the exposure to growth factors and other small molecules and chemicals that can make a pro-neurogenic environment.