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. 2021 Jul 5;9:681087. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.681087

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Copyright © 2021 Vasan, Park, David, Fleming and Schuurmans.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Applications of in vitro direct neuronal reprogramming. The generation of iNs in a dish has great potential for disease modeling, but several considerations must be made when using host cells from aged individuals, including changes to the epigenetic clock, mitochondrial age and activity of the REST repressive complex. Diseases that have been modeled with in vitro neuronal lineage conversion beginning with patient cells include AD, ALS, PD, HD, Niemann-Pick disease type C, and neuro-psychiatric disorders.