Table 1.

Summary of aptamer-based detection of sepsis-related pathogens and biomarkers

Targets	Aptamer sequences	Nanomaterials	Sensor type/method	Type of aptamer	Length (nt)a)	Limit of detection (LOD)	References
S. aureus	I: 5’-TCC CTA CGG CGC TAA CCC CCC CAG TCC GTC CTC CCA GCC TCA CAC CGC CAC CGT GCT ACA AC-3’ II: 5’-TCC CTA CGG CGC TAA CCT CCC AAC CGC TCC ACC CTG CCT CCG CCT CGC CAC CGT GCT ACA AC-3’	AuNPs	Aptamer-conjugated GNPs and a resonance light-scattering detection system	DNA	40	–	[44]
	I: 5’-TCC CTA CGG CGC TAA CCC CCC CAG TCC GTC CTC CCA GCC TCA CAC CGC CAC CGT GCT ACA ACT TTT TTT TT-3’ II: 5’-TCC CTA CGG CGC TAA CCC CCC CAG TCC GTC CTC CCA GCC TCA CAC CGC CAC CGT GCT ACA ACT TTT TTT T-3’	Fe3O4@mTiO2	Capture platform based on Fe3O4@mTiO2 modified with target aptamer	DNA	71	10–2000 CFU/mL	[45]
	apt: 5’-GCA ATG GTA CGG TAC TTC CTC GGC ACG TTC TCA GTA GCG CTC GCT GGT CAT CCC ACA GCT ACG TCA AAA GTG CAC GCT ACT TTG CTA A-3’	–	Vertical capacitance apta-sensors	DNA	88	100 CFU/mL Biofilm: 20% of the area	[46]
	apt: 5’-GCA ATG GTA CGG TAC TTC CTC GGC ACG TTC TCA GTA GCG CTC GCT GGT CAT CCC ACA GCT ACG TCA AAA GTG CAC GCT ACT TTG CTA A-3’	–	Electrical antimicrobial susceptibility test (e-AST) system	DNA	88	–	[47]
MASA	–	Streptavidin Magnetic Beads	CRISPR-Cas12a assisted RCA	–	–	102–106 CFU/mL	[32]
E. coli	apt: 5’-ATC CGT CAC ACC TGC TCT ACT GGC CGG CTC AGC ATG ACT AAG AAG GAA GTT ATG TGG TGT TGG CTC CCG TAT TTT TTT TTT-3’	Fe3O4@mTiO2	–	DNA	81		[45]
	apt: 5’-GCA ATG GTA CGG TAC TTC CCC ATG AGT GTT GTG AAA TGT TGG GAC ACT AGG TGG CAT AGA GCC GCA AAA GTG CAC GCT ACT TTG CTA A-3’	–	Vertical capacitance ap-tasensors	DNA	88	100 CFU/mL Biofilm: 20% of the area	[46]
	apt: 5’-GCA ATG GTA CGG TAC TTC CCC ATG AGT GTT GTG AAA TGT TGG GAC ACT AGG TGG CAT AGA GCC GCA AAA GTG CAC GCT ACT TTG CTA A-3’	–	Electrical antimicrobial susceptibility test (e-AST) system	DNA	88	–	[47]
Peptidoglycan	I: 5’-TCG CGC GAG TCG TCT GGG GAC AGG GAG TGC GCT GCT CCC CCC GCA TCG TCC TCC C-3’ II: 5’-TCG CGC GAG TCG TCT GGG GGA CTA GAG GAC TTG TGC GGC CCC GCA TCG TCC TCC C-3’	–	–	DNA	I/II: 55	–	[48]
OMVs	I: 5’-ATA CCA GCT TAT TCA ATT GGG TGA GGG GGG GTT CAC AAC GTT AAA GAT AGA CGG GGG AAG ATA GTA AGT GCA ATC T-3’ II: 5’-ATA CCA GCT TAT TCA ATT CCG AGT CCA GAC TCA CCG CCG CCT CCT CAA GAC GTG CTG GAG ATA GTA AGT GCA ATC T-3’	–	Enzyme-linked aptamer assay	DNA	I/II: 76	E. coli DH5α: 0.13 ± 0.01 μg/mL E. coli K12: 3.70 ± 0.98 μg/mL S.marcescens: 0.23 ± 0.16 μg/m	[49]
P.aeruginosa	apt: 5’-CCC CCG TTG CTT TCG CTT TTC CTT TCG CTT TTG TTC GTT TCG TCC CTG CTT CCT TTC TTG-3’	–	Vertical capacitance aptasensors	DNA	60	100 CFU/mL Biofilm: 20% of the area	[46]
	apt: 5’-CCC CCG TTG CTT TCG CTT TTC CTT TCG CTT TTG TTC GTT TCG TCC CTG CTT CCT TTC TTG-3’	–	Electrical antimicrobial susceptibility test (e-AST) system	DNA	60	–	[47]
K.pneumoniae	apt: 5’-GCA ATG GTA CGG TAC TTC C(N45)-CAA AAG TGC ACG CTA CTT TGC TAA-3’	–	Electrical antimicrobial susceptibility test (e-AST) system	DNA	44	–	[47]
E. faecalis	apt: 5’-ATC CAG AGT GAC GCA GCA CGA CAC GTT AGG TTG GTT AGG TTG GTT AGT TTC TTG TGG ACA CGG TGG CTT A-3’	–	Electrical antimicrobial susceptibility test (e-AST) system	DNA	70	–	[47]
LPS	apt: 5’ -CTT CTG CCC GCC TCC TTC C-(45 N)-GGA GAC GAG ATA GGC GGA CAC T-3’	Gold disk electrodes	Electrochemical	DNA	86	0.01–1 ng/mL	[50]
		Gra AuNPs	Electrochemical			8.7 fg/mL 10–50 fg/mL	[51]
		Gold atomic cluster	Electrochemical			7.94 × 10–21 M and 0.01aM–1 pM	[52]
		RGO/AuNPs	Electrochemical			1 fg/mL	[53]
		RGO/AuNPs	Electrochemical			0.2 fg/mLand 0.001–0.01 pg/mL	[54]
		MoS2 AuNPs RGO	Voltammetric biosensor			3.01 × 10–5 ng/mL and 5.0 × 10−5 ng/mL to 2.0 × 10–2 ng/mL	[55]
		–	Optical sensor			5.5 pg/mL– 100 ng/mL	[56]
		SLG	Acoustic wave biosensor			3.53 ng/mL 0–100 ng/mL	[57]
		GO	Fluorescence quenching efficiency			15.7 ng/mL and 25–1600 ng/mL	[58]
		RGO	Fluorescence quenching efficiency Continuous Injection-Electrostacking			8.3 fM	[59]
IL-6	Model number: ATW0082               ATW0077	AuNPs	Optical approach	–	–	1.95 μg/mL	[60]
	apt: 5′-GTC TCT GTG TGC GCC AGA GAC ACT GGG GCA GAT ATG GGC CAG CAC AGA ATG AGG CCC-3′	AuNPs	Electrochemical	–	–	1.6 pg/ml	[61]
	Model number: ATW0077	Carbon nanotube	Microfluidic-based approach	–	–	1 pg/mL–10 ng/mL	[62]
	apt: 5’- GGT GGC AGG AGG ACT ATT TAT TTG CTT TTC T -3’	GR	Field-Effect Transistor-Based Approach	–	–	139 fM	[63]
	–	GR	Field-Effect Transistor-Based Approach	–	–	618 fM	[64]
CRP	apt: 5’-GGC AGG AAG ACA AAC ACG ATG GGG GGG TAT GAT TTG ATG TGG TTG TTG CAT GAT CGT GGT CTG TGG TGC TGT-3’	–	Optical fiber sensor	DNA	72	2–20 mg/mL	[65]
	apt: 5’-GCC UGU AAG GUG GUC GGU GUG GCG AGU GUG UUA GGA GAG AUU GC-3’	–	Luminex xMAP technology	RNA	44	0.4 mg/L	[66]
	apt: 5’-CGA AGG GGA TTC GAG GGG TGA TTG CGT GCT CCA TTT GGT G- 3’	AuNPs	Optical nanosensor	DNA	40	1.77 pM	[67]