TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants of case (n = 200) and control (n = 706) groups.
| Variable | Case (%) | Control (%) | p-value a |
|---|---|---|---|
| n = 200 | n = 706 | ||
| Sex (men) | 145 (72.5) | 512 (72.5) | 0.995 |
| Mean age (±SD) | 60.2 (±16.3) | 59.8 (±15.8) | 0.750 b |
| Mean schooling (±SD) | 6.3 (±4.3) | 6.2 (±4.6) | 0.750 |
| Ethnicity | 0.091 c , d | ||
| White | 134 (67.0) | 516 (73.1) | |
| Black | 65 (32.5) | 186 (26.3) | |
| Oriental | 1 (0.5) | 4 (0.6) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.003 d | ||
| Underweight | 10 (5.1) | 15 (2.1) | |
| Normal weight | 80 (40.4) | 197 (28.0) | |
| Overweight | 60 (30.3) | 263 (37.4) | |
| Obesity I | 30 (15.2) | 152 (21.6) | |
| Obesity II | 13 (6.6) | 55 (7.8) | |
| Obesity III | 5 (2.5) | 21 (3.0) | |
| Missing data | 2 | 3 | |
| Reliability of the interview | <0.001 d | ||
| 6–7 | 91 (45.5) | 223 (31.6) | |
| 8–9 | 77 (38.5) | 32 (45.9) | |
| >9 | 32 (16.0) | 159 (22.5) | |
| Previous history of gastrointestinal disorders | |||
| Familiar history of ulcer | 41 (21.8) | 132 (22.3) | 0.870 |
| Personal history of dyspepsia | 60 (30.2) | 291 (41.2) | 0.004 d |
| Personal history of ulcer | 44 (22.1) | 64 (9.1) | <0.001 d |
| Personal history of bleeding | 35 (17.6) | 94 (13.3) | 0.135 d |
| Helicobacter pylori serology | <0.001 d | ||
| Reagent | 142 (76.3) | 388 (57.6) | |
| No reagent | 44 (23.7) | 286 (42.4) | |
| Plasma sample not satisfactory | 14 | 32 | |
| Comorbidity | |||
| Cardiovascular disease | 62 (31.5) | 131 (19.1) | <0.001 d |
| Blood disease | 3 (1.5) | 42 (6.0) | 0.009 d |
| Renal disease | 7 (3.5) | 36 (5.2) | 0.348 |
| Respiratory disease | 8 (4.0) | 71 (10.1) | 0.007 d |
| High blood pressure | 104 (52.0) | 371 (52.5) | 0.891 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 38 (19.1) | 158 (22.4) | 0.306 |
| Dyslipidemia | 21 (10.7) | 165 (23.4) | <0.001 d |
| Depression | 20 (10.1) | 81 (11.5) | 0.559 |
| Arthrosis | 9 (4.5) | 48 (6.9) | 0.237 |
| Arthritis | 3 (1.5) | 21 (3.0) | 0.3218 |
| Drug therapy in use (ATC) | |||
| Proton pump inhibitors (A02BC) | 36 (18.0) | 125 (17.7) | 0.923 |
| H2 receptors antagonists (A02BA) | 03 (1.5) | 10 (1.4) | 0.930 |
| Oral anticoagulants (B01A) | 22 (11.0) | 18 (2.5) | <0.001 d |
| Low-dose aspirin (B01AC06) | 51 (25.5) | 90 (12.7) | <0.001 d |
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (M01A) | 43 (23.6) | 71 (10.2) | <0.001 d |
| Antidepressants (N06A) | 19 (9.5) | 70 (9.9) | 0.962 |
| Lifestyle | |||
| Smoking habit | <0.001 d | ||
| Nonsmoker | 136 (70.1) | 580 (84.7) | |
| Moderate (1–15 cigarettes/day) | 23 (11.9) | 52 (7.6) | |
| Heavy (>15 cigarettes/day) | 35 (18.0) | 53 (7.7) | |
| Alcohol intake (average of grams of alcohol/day) | <0.001 d | ||
| Abstain (0 g) | 103 (51.5) | 392 (55.5) | |
| Little (0 > consume ≤30 g of alcohol/day) | 71 (35.5) | 297 (42.1) | |
| Moderate (>30 g of alcohol/day) | 26 (13.0) | 17 (2.4) | |
| Missing data | 1 | 5 | |
| Coffee consumption | 0.260 | ||
| No | 29 (14.5) | 65 (9.2) | |
| Yes | 171 (85.5) | 641 (90.8) | |
| Daily coffee consumption | 159 (79.5) | 599 (84.8) | |
| Weekly coffee consumption | 10 (5.0) | 35 (5.0) | |
| Monthly coffee consumption | 2 (1.0) | 6 (0.8) | |
| Amount of coffee consumption per day (ml) | <0.001 d | ||
| mL = 0 | 30 (15.0) | 66 (9.3) | |
| 0 < mL ≤ 100 | 101 (50.5) | 469 (66.4) | |
| mL > 100 | 69 (314.5) | 171 (24.2) |
a
p-value is polychotomous and represents the entire variable.
b
p-value obtained in the T-Student test. The other p-values were obtained using the chi-square test.
c
Oriental ethnicity was not considered for the chi-square test (number of participants <5) in these categories.
d
Variables with p-value ≤ 0.20 and selected for the multivariate model.
ATC, Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical; SD, standard deviation.