Fig. 1.

The role of exosomes in immune evasion and EMT promotion in lung cancer. In the lung cancer tumor microenvironment, there is increased expression of exosomes which inhibit tumor-cytotoxic cells such as NK and T cells, while enhancing the recruitment, activation, and expansion of immunosuppressive cells such as MDSCs and Tregs. Exosomal cargoes including EFGR, PD-L1, TGF-β, miR-23a, Wnt, and their associated signaling, facilitate immune evasion and induce EMT, resulting in tumor metastasis