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. 2021 Jul 19;9:126. doi: 10.1186/s40478-021-01226-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Patterns of neuroinflammatory gene expression in TBI. a Number of upregulated and downregulated genes in injured brains at days 3, 7, and 28 after TBI compared to 12-week-old uninjured brains (using NanoString Neuroinflammation panel). b Common changes in gene expression between time points color coded by the time point(s) of differential expression. c Volcano plots of differentially expressed genes per time point, color coded as in panel b, and showing labeled examples of the most dysregulated genes. d Analysis of time points of peak change in expression per gene (color legend) based on statistical difference in fold change (columns) between time points of differential expression (rows). Genes that showed no significant differences were considered to show peak change at all time points of differential expression. The volcano plot on the right shows an example of 29 consistently upregulated genes that had peak expression on days 7 and 28 post injury compared to day 3 post injury. False discovery rate (FDR) was computed for all genes per comparison to determine statistical significance. N = 3 per group