Table 1.
Features of COVID-19 patients and comparative analysis according to AF development.
| COVID-19 population (n = 517) |
AF development during hospitalization (n = 54) |
No AF (n = 463) |
p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Epidemiological features, n (%) | ||||
| Age, mean ± SD | 68.1 ± 15.1 | 81.6 ± 8.7 | 66.5 ± 14.9 | <0.001 |
| Female | 227 (44) | 19 (35) | 208 (45) | 0.172 |
| Arterial hypertension | 259 (50) | 40 (74) | 219 (47) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 91 (18) | 13 (24) | 78 (17) | 0.187 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 37 (7) | 7 (13) | 30 (7) | 0.092 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 187 (36) | 25 (46) | 162 (35) | 0.102 |
| Smoking | 27 (5) | 2 (4) | 25 (5) | 0.807 |
| COPD | 41 (8) | 7 (13) | 34 (7) | 0.177 |
| Ischemic cardiac disease | 41 (8) | 6 (11) | 35 (8) | 0.420 |
| Previous AF episodes | 48 (9) | 45 (83) | 3 (1) | <0.001 |
| Cardiomyopathy | 10 (2) | 5 (9) | 5 (1) | 0.002 |
| Previous heart failure admission | 7 (1) | 5 (9) | 2 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| LVEF (%), mean ± SD | 61.5 ± 8.4 | 58.1 ± 11.3 | 62.6 ± 6.9 | 0.036 |
| Left atrial diameter (mm), mean ± SD | 41.7 ± 7.1 | 47.8 ± 7.9 | 39.9 ± 5.7 | <0.001 |
| Chronic oral treatment, n (%) | ||||
| RAAS inhibitors | 194 | 25 (46) | 169 (37) | 0.182 |
| Diuretics | 112 (22) | 25 (46) | 87 (19) | <0.001 |
| Calcium-antagonists | 64 (12) | 12 (22) | 52 (11) | 0.023 |
| Beta-blockers | 93 (18) | 32 (59) | 61 (13) | <0.001 |
| Statins | 161 (31) | 20 (47) | 141 (31) | 0.344 |
| Anticoagulation | 57 (11) | 45 (83) | 12 (3) | <0.001 |
| Clinical findings, n (%) | ||||
| Days until admission, mean ± SD | 7.9 ± 5.5 | 6 ± 4.3 | 8.1 ± 5.5 | 0.012 |
| Length of admission (days), mean ± SD | 10.3 ± 6.8 | 9.8 ± 6.1 | 10.4 ± 6.9 | 0.550 |
| Max temperature, mean ± SD | 37.8 ± 1 | 37.5 ± 1.1 | 37.8 ± 1 | 0.100 |
| Cough | 335 (65) | 28 (52) | 307 (66) | 0.035 |
| Rhinorrhea | 11 (2) | 1 (2) | 10 (2) | 0.999 |
| Dyspnea | 234 (45) | 27 (50) | 207 (45) | 0.460 |
| Myalgias | 99 (19) | 5 (9) | 94 (20) | 0.051 |
| Diarrhea | 135 (26) | 11 (20) | 124 (27) | 0.310 |
| Odynophagia | 33 (6) | 0 (0) | 33 (7) | 0.064 |
| Headache | 24 (5) | 2 (4) | 22 (5) | 0.999 |
| Vomits | 26 (5) | 2 (4) | 24 (5) | 0.999 |
| Anosmia | 40 (8) | 2 (4) | 38 (8) | 0.415 |
| Treatment during hospitalization, n (%) | ||||
| Anticoagulation | 326 (63) | 52 (96) | 274 (59) | <0.001 |
| Lopinavir/ritonavir | 463 (90) | 46 (89) | 417 (94) | 0.123 |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 475 (92) | 48 (92) | 427 (97) | 0.128 |
| Azithromycin | 466 (90) | 50 (96) | 416 (94) | 0.756 |
| Ceftriaxone | 331 (64) | 35 (67) | 296 (67) | 0.961 |
| Intravenous steroids | 293 (57) | 32 (62) | 261 (59) | 0.730 |
| B1 Beta-Interferon | 212 (41) | 20 (39) | 192 (43) | 0.493 |
| Tocilizumab | 17 (3) | 3 (6) | 14 (3) | 0.407 |
| Laboratory results at admission, n (%) | ||||
| Leucocytes > 10,000/mm3 | 89 (17) | 14 (26) | 75 (16) | 0.064 |
| Leucocytes < 4000/mm3 | 64 (12) | 5 (9) | 59 (13) | 0.482 |
| Lymphocytes < 1000/mm3 | 251 (49) | 31 (57) | 220 (48) | 0.178 |
| Hemoglobin < 10 g/dL | 32 (6) | 7 (13) | 25 (5) | 0.065 |
| Platelets < 150,000/mm3 | 101 (20) | 17 (32) | 84 (18) | 0.020 |
| D dimer > 500 μg/L | 346 (67) | 34 (69) | 312 (71) | 0.787 |
| Creatinine > 1.5 mg/dL | 73 (14) | 15 (28) | 58 (13) | 0.002 |
| CRP > 10 mg/L | 450 (87) | 47 (89) | 403 (89) | 0.981 |
| Procalcitonin > 0.5 ng/mL | 56 (11) | 12 (32) | 44 (12) | 0.001 |
| LDH > 250 U/L | 313 (61) | 36 (72) | 277 (62) | 0.158 |
| Adverse events, n (%) | ||||
| Acute myocardial infarction | 1 (0.2) | 0 | 1 (0.2) | 0.999 |
| Myocarditis | 1 (0.2) | 0 | 1 (0.2) | 0.999 |
| Heart failure | 9 (2) | 2 (4) | 7 (2) | 0.220 |
| Ventricular arrythmia | 1 (0.2) | 1 (2) | 0 | 0.101 |
| Acute respiratory failure | 217 (42) | 38 (72) | 179 (40) | <0.001 |
| ICU admission | 44 (9) | 5 (9) | 39 (9) | 0.798 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 40 (8) | 5 (9) | 35 (9) | 0.789 |
| Major bleeding | 16 (3) | 1 (2) | 15 (3) | 0.999 |
| Pulmonary embolism | 11 (2) | 0 | 11 (2) | 0.616 |
| Stroke | 7 (1) | 1 (2) | 6 (1) | 0.544 |
| In-hospital mortality | 130 (25) | 27 (50) | 103 (22) | <0.001 |
AF: atrial fibrillation. SD: standard deviation. COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction. RAAS: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. CRP: C-reactive protein. LDH: lactate dehydrogenase. ICU: intensive care unit.