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. 2021 Jul 5;12:701406. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.701406

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Copyright © 2021 Yamaguchi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Activity and properties of pioneer factors. Left: hierarchical model of target activation by the pioneer transcription factors. Right: four basic properties of the pioneer factors. The DNA-binding domains of the pioneer factors allow them to target closed chromatin prior to activation [property 1 (P1)]. This binding increases the accessibility of target sites (P2), making the sites accessible to other factors (P3). Pioneer transcription factors play a primary role in cellular programing (P4).