TABLE 1.

PTMs and their effects on RBP’s aggregation.

PTM	RBP	Residue	Effects on Aggregation	References
R-methylation	FUS	Arg 216, Arg 259		Qamar et al. (2018)
		Arg 407, Arg 472
		Arg 473, Arg 476
Phosphorylation	FUS	Ser 26/Ser 30		Deng et al. (2014), Monahan et al. (2017)
		Ser 30/Ser42		Rhoads et al. (2018a)
		Thr 109/Ser 115
		Ser 115/Ser 117
	hnRNP - A2	Tyr (n.d.)		Ryan et al. (2021)
	TDP - 43	Ser 48		Hornbeck et al. (2012), Hornbeck et al. (2015)
				Rigbolt et al. (2011), Wang A. et al. (2018)
	TDP - 43	Ser 403/404		Neumann et al. (2020)
		Ser 409/410
Acetylation	FUS	Lys 510		Arenas et al. (2020)
	FUS	Lys 315/316		Arenas et al. (2020)
	FUS	Ala 2		Bock et al. (2021)
	TDP - 43	Lys 145–149		Cohen et al. (2015)
Ubiquitination	TDP - 43	Lys 48, Lys 63		Hebron et al. (2013)
	TDP - 43	Lys 263		Hans et al. (2014)
PARylation	hnRNP - A1	Lys 298		Duan et al. (2019)
	FUS	n.d		Patel et al. (2015)

PTMs are able to both suppress (red arrow down) and enhance (green arrow up) protein aggregation of FUS, TDP43 and hnRNP-A1/A2. R-methylation mainly suppresses FUS aggregation while ubiquitination and PARylation stimulates aggregation of TDP-43, hnRNP-A1 and FUS. Other PTMs such as phosphorlation and acetylation, have been shown to suppress or enhance aggregation propensity depending on the specific residue and protein modified.