Table 1.

MNI coordinates and statistics for GLM1: effort-by-choice, choice, reward, effort, pupil rate, and RT modulation

Effect	Brain region	k	t value	p value	MNI coordinates
					x	y	z
Effort-by-choice (positive modulation)	L superior medial gyrus	301	5.324	<0.0001	−3	18	45
	L ACC		4.786		−6	27	27
Effort-by-choice (negative modulation)	L postcentral gyrus	4085	6.382	<0.0001	−33	−42	57
	R superior frontal gyrus		6.248		24	−6	66
	R postcentral gyrus		6.242		30	−42	57
	L middle temporal gyrus	147	4.688	0.009	−60	−30	−3
	L middle temporal gyrus		4.151		−57	−51	−6
Choice (effortful > non-effortful)	L middle frontal gyrus	146	4.749	0.02	−30	30	36
Choice (non-effortful > effortful)	No suprathreshold clusters
Reward (positive modulation)	L caudate nucleus	1320	7.417	<0.0001	−9	9	0
	R IFG (p. orbitalis)		6.752		36	21	−9
	L IFG (p. orbitalis)		5.662		−30	24	−3
	R middle frontal gyrus	464	7.237	<0.0001	39	21	27
	L inferior parietal lobule	1046	6.61	<0.0001	−36	−63	51
	L precuneus		4.949		−3	−66	42
	L middle occipital gyrus		4.948		−30	−78	27
	R middle temporal gyrus	211	5.767	0.003	60	−30	−6
	R middle temporal gyrus		3.781		57	−9	−18
	R fusiform gyrus	900	5.57	<0.0001	24	−81	−9
	L fusiform gyrus		5.044		−24	−78	−9
	L cerebelum (Crus 2)		5.018		−12	−81	−27
	L middle temporal gyrus	149	5.489	0.012	−60	−21	−15
	L superior frontal gyrus	478	5.06	<0.0001	−21	36	48
	L IFG (p. triangularis)		4.857		−39	21	24
	L middle frontal gyrus		4.756		−36	12	57
	L superior orbital gyrus	115	5.021	0.03	−30	51	3
	R inferior parietal lobule	597	4.922	<0.0001	33	−72	24
	R inferior parietal lobule		4.839		39	−60	48
	R middle temporal gyrus		4.706		54	−48	12
	L ACC	167	4.484	0.007	−6	42	12
Reward (negative modulation)	No suprathreshold clusters
Effort (positive modulation)	R rolandic operculum	151	5.503	0.008	48	3	12
	L linual gyrus	365	4.482	<0.0001	−15	−84	3
	L middle occipital gyrus		4.352		−30	−90	15
	L calcarine gyrus		4.073		3	−75	15
	R calcarine gyrus	117	4.313	0.022	30	−69	15
Effort (negative modulation)	No suprathreshold clusters
Pupil rate (positive modulation)	R precuneus	8334	7.993	<0.0001	6	−78	42
	L calcarine gyrus		7.485		−3	−90	0
	R superior frontal gyrus	1081	6.774	<0.0001	21	−9	69
	R middle frontal gyrus		6.639		45	−9	57
	L posterior-medial frontal		6.041		−18	−12	72
	R temporal pole	307	6.500	<0.0001	54	15	−6
	R insula lobe		4.806		36	9	12
	L rectal gyrus	287	5.715	<0.0001	−15	12	−9
	R caudate nucleus		4.519		9	6	3
	R olfactory cortex		4.220		21	9	−15
	L temporal pole	225	4.854	0.001	−57	9	−3
	L IFG (p. opercularis)		4.283		−42	9	15
	L IFG (p. orbitalis)		3.563		−30	27	−3
	R superior temporal gyrus	138	4.600	0.013	57	−39	27
Pupil rate (negative modulation)	L middle temporal gyrus	123	5.914	0.02	−51	−36	−3
	L inferior temporal gyrus		3.581		−60	−12	−21
	L angular gyrus	196	5.628	0.003	−54	−63	36
	L superior medial gyrus	280	5.168	<0.0001	−6	48	45
	R superior medial gyrus		4.652		3	30	60
	L middle frontal gyrus	96	4.703	0.044	−33	24	51
RT (positive modulation)	L cuneus	273	7.335	0.001	3	−93	24
	R cuneus		6.818		6	−84	42
	R paracentral lobule		6.657		6	−48	75
	R IFG (p. orbitalis)	219	5.795	0.003	45	36	0
RT (negative modulation)	R fusiform gyrus	11871	−14.006	<0.0001	36	−75	−9
	L fusiform gyrus		−12.751		−36	−69	−9
	L middle occipital gyrus		−11.346		−36	−87	6

All effects are from t tests; p values are at cluster-level FWE correction.