TABLE 3.

Comparison of reproductive traits between female rodents differing in intrauterine testosterone exposure (0M females exposed to lower testosterone; 2M females exposed to higher testosterone), and women with endometriosis compared to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

Trait	Rodents	References	Women	References
Anogenital distance	Lower in 0M females than in 2M females	Clemens et al. (1978), Keisler et al. (1991), vom Saal and Bronson (1978), vom Saal et al. (1990), Zehr et al. (2001)	Lower in endometriosis females than in controls Higher in PCOS females than in controls	see Table 1 references
Timing, onset of estrus, menarche	Earlier in 0M females than in 2M females	Clark and Galef (1998), vom Saal (1981, 1989)	Earlier in endometriosis females than in controls Later in PCOS females of normal BMI than in controls	Day et al. (2015), Nnoaham et al. (2012) Carroll et al. (2012), Sadrzadeh et al. (2003), Welt and Carmina (2013)
Estrus, menstrual cycle duration	Shorter in 0M females than in 2M females	Clark and Galef (1998), vom Saal (1981, 1989), vom Saal and Bronson (1980b)	Shorter in endometriosis females than in controls Longer, irregular in PCOS females than in controls	Arumugam and Lim (1997), Wei et al. (2016), Yasui et al. (2015) Franks and Hardy (2020)
Fertility and fecundity measures	Higher in 0M females than in 2M females	Clark and Galef (1998), Drickamer (1996), Drickamer et al. (2001)	Reduced in endometriosis and PCOS (as diseases) 0M female twins have higher fecundity than 1M female twins Endometriosis associated with traits linked to higher fertility (low waist‐to‐hip ratio, BMI)	Bulun et al. (2019), Rosenfield and Ehrmann (2016) Bütikofer et al. (2019), Lummaa et al. (2007) see Table 1 references