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. 2021 Jul 19;52(4):4144–4160. doi: 10.1007/s10489-021-02645-3

Table 5.

Metric values of the candidate models for different time horizons (T)

Model T MAE MSE RMSE
GNNq (1) 1h 171.923 (± 202.484) 120,676.856 (± 629,199.550) 223.957 (± 265.603)
GNNd (1) 215.477 (± 266.398) 206,847.458 (± 912,681.937) 287.782 (± 352.239)
GNNgr (1) 136.877 (± 146.642) 76,152.625 (± 409,849.719) 185.753(± 204.116)
GNNqgr (1) 160.940 (± 171.504) 102,270.633 (± 479,770.322) 215.096 (± 236.694)
GNNsl (1) 164.947 (± 173.624) 99,771.510 (± 481495.175) 215.585 (± 230.896)
ARIMA (2844) 131.613 (± 189.702) 53,295.374 (± 249,934.954) 174,313 (± 245.913)
LSTM (2844) 287.582 (± 249.103) 240,392.048 (± 673,797.631) 364.926 (± 327.504)
Naive 445.657 (± 573.288) 844,369.636 (± 3,552,303.321) 564.808 (± 724.946)
GNNq (1) 3h 168.832 (± 188.286) 126,225.899 (± 562,311.371) 235.882 (± 265.726)
GNNd (1) 164.528 (± 182.431) 127,471.411 (± 571,985.433) 236.079 (± 267.887)
GNNgr (1) 143.100 (± 144.381) 79,202.233 (± 309,171.505) 196.715 (± 201.295)
GNNqgr (1) 149.769 (± 168.372) 93,474.430 (± 460,505.513) 202.048 (± 229.498)
GNNsl (1) 172.606 (± 182.565) 117,719.663 (± 490,176.192) 233.887 (± 251.075)
ARIMA (2844) 229.139 (± 283.488) 172512.497 (± 839,840.629) 264.666 (± 320.454)
LSTM (2844) 268.269 (± 215.494) 192,273.747 (± 525,928.089) 338.988 (± 278.197)
Naive 445.657 (± 573.288) 844,369.636 (± 3,552,303.321) 564.808 (± 724.946)
GNNq (1) 6h 186.570 (± 208.805) 157,179.349 (± 657,231.586) 261.085 (± 298.405)
GNNd (1) 197.032 (± 217.406) 169,179.710 (± 713,804.705) 270.959 (± 309.507)
GNNgr (1) 156.773 (± 163.219) 95,958.014 (± 389,080.101) 211.768 (± 226.120)
GNNqgr (1) 166.788 (± 183.809) 114,271.417 (± 505,934.955) 223.819 (± 253.375)
GNNsl (1) 177.517 (± 190.946) 139,345.311 (± 589,300.754) 248.903 (± 278.245)
ARIMA (2844) 237.026 (± 243.406) 152,980.337 (± 299,022.317) 280.883 (± 275.1284)
LSTM (2844) 290.504 (± 221.231) 215,440.658 (± 585,540.530) 362.157 (± 290.377)
Naive 685.219 (± 915.489) 1,880,087.023 (± 8,132,191.379) 827.188 (± 1093.740)
GNNq (1) 12h 187.419 (± 229.787) 189,112.463 (± 913,244.057) 269.144 (± 341.636)
GNNd (1) 206.836 (± 267.642) 239,994.215 (± 1,206,237.416) 295.081 (± 391.120)
GNNgr (1) 193.796 (± 234.397) 195,603.403 (± 949,279.271) 277.460 (± 344.472)
GNNqgr (1) 159.373 (± 187.872) 118,149.585 (± 599,204.577) 218.187 (± 265.648)
GNNsl (1) 179.012 (± 220.276) 182,799.867 (± 898,308.893) 261.680 (± 338.177)
ARIMA (2844) 216.664 (± 205.569) 128,209.707 (± 230,840.883) 263.832 (± 244.696)
LSTM (2844) 252.473 (± 267.717) 238,852.906 (± 1,135,378.617) 330.673 (± 359.992)
Naive 940.104 (± 1,265.396) 3,209,833.152 (± 14,297,120.361) 1,068.467 (± 1,438.381)

The number in brackets in the Model column indicates the number of instances of each model. The lower values of each metric for the GNN models are shown in bold