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. 2020 Jun 13;8(6):nwaa132. doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa132

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© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of China Science Publishing & Media Ltd.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 4. — Contributions of ENSO-induced O₃ anomalies from main Asian emission sources in spring. Averaged O₃ response to anthropogenic emissions over China (a) and India (b) in El Niño and La Niña springs (March and April) at 680 hPa. (c) Averaged O₃ response to climatological BB emissions over SE Asia under ENSO circulations in El Niño and La Niña springs at 680 hPa. (d) Averaged O₃ response to ENSO-induced emission intensity variability over SE in El Niño and La Niña springs at 680 hPa. (e, f) Cross-sections of O₃ anomalies over 15°N–25°N, corresponding to (c) and (d). The vectors are climatological springtime winds in (f) and wind anomalies between El Niño and La Niña springs in (e). Note that the vertical components of wind are scaled 1000 times for better illustration. Source regions in (a–d) are denoted by blue polygons. Red circles mark the location of MLO.