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. 2020 Sep 23;8(5):nwaa244. doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa244

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© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of China Science Publishing & Media Ltd.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 2. — Cumulative (purple), direct (red) and higher-order (blue) effects on the survival (a and c) and growth (b and d) of each focal tree of Fagus sylvatica (Beech, a and b) and Picea abies (Spruce, c and d). Total indicates cumulative effects of all neighbours including both direct and higher-order effects. DI includes the direct effects of all neighbours including intraspecific direct effects (DI_ii) and interspecific direct effects (DI_ij). HOI includes the higher-order effects of all neighbours including intraspecific higher-order effects of conspecifics (HOI_ii,_i), intraspecific higher-order effects of heterospecifics (HOI_ij,_j) and interspecific higher-order effects (HOI_ii,_j and HOI_ij,_i). One boxplot represents the distribution of neighbourhood effects for all focal trees of a species. Boxplots above (or below) zero indicate that the effects are facilitative (or competitive) for all trees of a species, while boxplots crossing the zero line indicate that the effects are facilitative for some trees but competitive for others of a species.