Table 1.
Candidate new phyla revealed by using MAGs or SAGs.
| Candidate phylum | MAG or SAG | First description | Reference* |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acetothermia (OP1/KB1 group) | MAG, SAG | Obsidian Pool, Yellowstone National Park | Hugenholtz et al., 1998; Rinke et al., 2013 |
| Aenigmarchaeota (DSEG)a | SAG | Homestake Mine | Rinke et al., 2013 |
| Aerophobetes (CD12) | SAG | Sakinaw Lake | Rinke et al., 2013 |
| Aigarchaeota (pSL4; HWCG-I)a | MAG, SAG | Geothermal water stream from a subsurface mine in Japan | Takami et al., 2012; Rinke et al., 2013 |
| Aminicenantes (OP8) | SAG | Obsidian Pool, Yellowstone National Park | Hugenholtz et al., 1998; Rinke et al., 2013 |
| Atribacteria (OP9/JS1) | MAG, SAG | Obsidian Pool, Yellowstone National Park | Hugenholtz et al., 1998; Dodsworth et al., 2013; Rinke et al., 2013 |
| Bathyarchaeota (MCG)a | MAG | Marine sediment | Lloyd et al., 2013 |
| BD1–5 | MAG | Groundwater samples | Wrighton et al., 2012 |
| Berkelbacteria (ACD58) | MAG | Aquifer adjacent to the Colorado River | Wrighton et al., 2014 |
| BRC1 | SAG | Etoliko Lagoon and Sakinaw Lake | Rinke et al., 2013 |
| Calescamantes (EM19) | SAG | Great Boiling Spring and Gongxiaoshe hot spring | Rinke et al., 2013 |
| Cloacimonetes (WWE1) | MAG, SAG | Municipal Anaerobic Sludge Digester | Pelletier et al., 2008; Rinke et al., 2013 |
| CPR (RIF1–46 and SM2F11) | MAG | Aquifer sediments and groundwater, USA | Anantharaman et al., 2016 |
| Diapherotrites (pMC2A384)a | SAG | Homestake Mine | Rinke et al., 2013 |
| EM3 (former OP2) | SAG | Obsidian Pool, Yellowstone National Park | Hugenholtz et al., 1998; Rinke et al., 2013 |
| Fervidibacteria (OctSpA1–106) | SAG | Octopus Spring sediment | Rinke et al., 2013 |
| Geoarchaeotaa | MAG | Acidic iron mats in Yellowstone National Park | Kozubal et al., 2013 |
| Gracilibacteria (GN02) | MAG, SAG | Guerrero Negro hypersaline microbial mat | Wrighton et al., 2012; Rinke et al., 2013 |
| Heimdallarchaeotaa | MAG | Marine sediments (Loki's Castle and Aarhus Bay) | Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka et al., 2017 |
| Hydrogenogenetes (BRC1/NKB19) | MAG, SAG | Bulk soil and rice roots | Rinke et al., 2013 |
| Korarchaeotaa | MAG | Obsidian Pool, Yellowstone National Park | Hugenholtz et al., 1998 |
| Kryptoniab | MAG | High-temperature pH-neutral geothermal springs | Eloe-Fadrosh et al., 2016 |
| KSB3 | MAG | Anaerobic wastewater treatment bioreactor | Sekiguchi et al., 2015 |
| Latescibacteria (WS3) | SAG | Wurtsmith Air Force Base, Michigan | Dojka et al., 1998; Rinke et al., 2013; |
| Lokiarchaeotaa | MAG | Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge | Spang et al., 2015 |
| Marinimicrobia (SAR406) | MAG, SAG | Subsurface of Atlantic and Pacific oceans | Rinke et al., 2013 |
| Melainabacteria | MAG | Human gut and groundwater | Di et al., 2013 |
| Microgenomates (OP11) | MAG, SAG | Obsidian Pool, Yellowstone National Park | Hugenholtz et al., 1998; Wrighton et al., 2012 |
| Nanoarchaeotaa | MAG | Submarine hot vent | Huber et al., 2002 |
| Nanohaloarchaeotaa | MAG, SAG | Ponds of Bras del Port salterns, Spain | Ghai et al., 2011 |
| Nezhaarchaeotaa,b | MAG | Jinze Hot Spring, Yunnan, China | Yinzhao et al., 2019 |
| NC10 | MAG | Aquatic microbial formations in flooded caves | Ettwig et al., 2010 |
| Odinarchaeotaa | MAG | Hot spring (Yellowstone National Park and Radiata Pool) | Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka et al., 2017 |
| Omnitrophica (OP3) | MAG, SAG | Obsidian Pool, Yellowstone National Park | Hugenholtz et al., 1998 |
| Pacearchaeotaa | MAG | Aquifer adjacent to the Colorado River | Castelle et al., 2015 |
| Parcobacteria (OD1) | MAG, SAG | Obsidian Pool, Yellowstone National Park | Hugenholtz et al., 1998; Wrighton et al., 2012 |
| Parvarchaeota (ARMAN)a | MAG, SAG | A drift of the Richmond Mine, Northern California | Rinke et al., 2013; |
| PER | MAG, SAG | Groundwater samples | Wrighton et al., 2012 |
| Poribacteria | SAG | Marine sponge-associated | Siegl et al., 2011 |
| Saccharibacteria (TM7) | MAG, SAG | Peat bog (TM means Torf, Mittlere schicht) | Rheims et al., 1996; Marcy et al., 2007 |
| SBR1093b | MAG | Activated sludge from wastewater treatment system | Wang et al., 2014 |
| SR1 | MAG, SAG | Hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer (SR, ‘Sulfur River’) | Kantor et al., 2013 |
| Tectomicrobia | MAG, SAG | Marine sponge | Wilson et al., 2014 |
| Thorarchaeotaa | MAG | White Oak River estuary sediments | Seitz et al., 2016 |
| TM6 | SAG | Peat bog (TM means Torf, Mittlere schicht) | Rheims et al., 1996; McLean et al., 2013 |
| UAP1–3a | MAG | Assembled from public metagenomes | Parks et al., 2017 |
| UBP1–17 | MAG | Assembled from public metagenomes | Parks et al., 2017 |
| Verstraetearchaeotaa | MAG | Cellulose-degrading anaerobic digesters | Vanwonterghem et al., 2016 |
| Woesearchaeotaa | MAG | Aquifer adjacent to the Colorado River | Castelle et al., 2015 |
| WS1 | SAG | Wurtsmith Air Force Base, Michigan | Dojka et al., 1998; Rinke et al., 2013; |
| WWE3 | MAG | Anaerobic sludge digester | Wrighton et al., 2014 |
aThe archaeal candidate phyl.
bThe phyla published with Chinese participation.
*Supplementary data.