Table 2.
Hydrogel coatings in non-medical area.
| Sensing | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hydrogel | Substrate | Bonding | Detection | Output | Reference |
| Poly(HEMA-co-AAc) | silicon wafer | CA | volatile vapor | optical signal | [67] |
| Poly(AAm-co-AAc) | |||||
| poly(AAm-co-AAc-co -AAene) with imidazole ligands or PBAa | silicon wafer, glass, PET, PDMS | CA | copper ions, glycoprotein | optical signal | [68] |
| Gelatin | long-period grating (LPG) | CA | humidity | optical signal | [69] |
| GPBS imprinted PAH | gold | CA | glucose | SPR spectrum | [70] |
| PAAm | FBG | PA | salt concentration | transmission spectrum | [71] |
| Actuation | |||||
| Hydrogel | Substrate | Bonding | Stimulation | Reference | |
| PAA | PDMS | CA | pH | [32] | |
| PNIPAM, PAA, PEODA | hydrogel | IP | pH, ionic strength | [72] | |
| PVA-DEEDA-borax gel | BOPP | HB | moisture, temperature, light | [73] | |
| PNIPAM | Glass | CA | temperature | [74] | |
| PAAm | PDMS | CA | humidity | [75] | |
| PNIPAM/PVA | PDMAEMA/PSS | IP | temperature, pH | [76] | |
| Anti-marine creature fouling | |||||
| Hydrogel | Substrate | Bonding | Marine creature | Reference | |
| PAMPA/PAAm, PVA | polyethylene | FA | algae, sea squirts, barnacles | [77] | |
| PVA-glycerol | stainless steel | FA | barnacle (balanus albicostatus) | [78] | |
| PEG | stainless steel, nylon | HB | diatom | [79] | |
| PEG | glass, silicon, PS | CA | barnacle, algal zoospores, diatom | [80] | |
| MMA-co-AA-co-TBSM | glass | FA | barnacle | [81] | |
| PEG | glass | CA | marine bacteria and diatom | [82] | |
| Oil-water separation | |||||
| Hydrogel | Substrate | Bonding | Contaminant | Reference | |
| DKGM Hydrogel | glass fabric | PA | oil, organic dyes, and heavy metals | [83] | |
| PAAm | magnetic nickel foam | PA | oil, dichloromethane | [84] | |
| PAAm | stainless steel mesh | PA | vegetable oil, gasoline, diesel, and crude oil | [85] | |
| Alginate | PAA-g-PVDF | IB | crude oil | [86] | |
| Alginate | filter paper | PA | crude oil | [87] | |
aBOPP, polypropylene; DEEDA, N, N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine; DKGM, deacetylated konjac glucomannan; GPBS, glucose phosphate barium salt; HB, hydrogen bond; IB, ionic bond; IP, interfacial penetration; NaCl, sodium chloride; PAA, polyacrylic acid; PAAm, polyacrylamide; PAH, poly(allylamine hydrochloride); PBA, phenylboronic acid; PBG, fiber Bragg grating; PDMAEMA, poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate); PDMS, poly(dimethylsiloxane); PEG, polyethylene glycol; PET, poly(ethylene terephthalate); PNIPAM, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide); PS, polystyrene; PSS, poly(sodium-p-styrenesulfonate); PVA, poly(vinyl alcohol); PVDF, poly(vinylidene fluoride); SPR, surface plasmon resonance.