Table 4. Preclinical trials carried out with MSCs in canine bone fractures and defects.

No of dogs	MSC source	Treatment	Observation period	Outcome	Reference
14	Bone marrow	Four dogs received IA autologous BMSC and PRP.	Not described	Improvement in clinical signs and x-ray results.	Crovace et al., 2008
9 (5 TG and 4 CG)	AT	CG received cell transport medium and TG autologous intralesional injection of 15 × 106 ASC.	120 days	TG had an average ossification 36.45% higher than the CG.	Rocha dos Santos et al., 2018

IA = Intra-articular; BMSC = Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; PRP = Platelet-rich plasma; CG = Control group; TG = Treated group; ASC = Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells.