Table 5. Preclinical trials carried out with MSCs in canine elbow OA.

No of dogs	MSC source	Treatment	Observation period	Outcome	Reference
14	AT	Between 3 × 106 and 5 × 106 IA autologous ASCs.	180 days	Improvement in lameness, pain, range of motion, functional disability, and owners’ questionnaires.	Black et al., 2008
4	AT	Between 3 × 106 and 5 × 106 IA autologous ASCs in combination with PRP or hyaluronic acid.	1 month	Improvement in lameness, pain, functional disability, and owner-assessed outcomes.	Guercio et al., 2012
30	AT	12 × 106 ± 3.2 × 106 IA allogeneic ASCs/injection suspended in 0.5% hyaluronic acid.	1 year	All dogs showed a decrease in lameness.	Kriston-Pál et al., 2017
13	AT	3 injections of 1–2 × 106 IV allogeneic ASCs/kg with 2 weeks apart.	6 months	Improvement in clinical signs. However, OA biomarkers in synovial fluid did not change.	Olsen et al., 2019
6	Peripheral blood	1 × 106 IA xenogeneic ciMSCs and 2mg/kg cimicoxib PO for 7 days.	12 weeks	Owners reported a decrease in lameness and pain.	Daems et al., 2019

IA = Intra-articular; ASC = Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells; PRP = Platelet-rich plasma; IV = Intravenous; OA = Osteoarthritis; ciMSCs = Chondrogenic-induced mesenchymal stem cells; PO = Per os (in Latin, orally).