Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of study subjects and correlations between study variables.
| Study variable | Mean ± standard deviation |
Pearson correlation coefficient and P-valueb |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PPMI diagnostic category |
Study variable |
|||||||||||
| Healthy controls n = 198 F = 71 |
Asymptomatic genetic Parkinson's disease n = 310 F = 187 |
Symptomatic genetic Parkinson's disease n = 220 F = 113 |
Sporadic Parkinson's disease n = 491 F = 169 |
Possible prodromal Parkinson's disease n = 61 F = 13 |
UPSIT n = 1280 |
HVLT n = 1280 |
MoCA n = 1276 |
Visu-Exec n = 1280 |
Delayed recall n = 1279 |
Attention n = 1280 |
Age n = 1280 |
|
| UPSIT (40)a | 34.0 ± 4.8 | 33.0 ± 4.9 | 21.5 ± 8.9 | 23.4 ± 8.7 | 17.2 ± 6.6 | – | ||||||
| HVLT (30)a | 26.0 ± 4.5 | 26.5 ± 5.2 | 24.0 ± 5.6 | 24.4 ± 4.9 | 22.0 ± 5.3 |
0.281 1.2 × 10−24 |
– | |||||
| MoCA (30)a | 28.2 ± 1.1 | 26.7 ± 2.3 | 25.9 ± 3.5 | 27.1 ± 2.3 | 26.2 ± 3.6 |
0.182 6.2 × 10−11 |
0.449 1.9 × 10−64 |
– | ||||
| Visu-Exec (5)a | 4.66 ± 0.59 | 4.35 ± 0.88 | 4.22 ± 0.99 | 4.49 ± 0.80 | 4.03 ± 1.21 |
0.132 2.2 × 10−6 |
0.195 1.9 × 10−12 |
0.353 7.8 × 10−39 |
– | |||
| Delayed-Recall (5)a | 3.88 ± 0.98 | 3.04 ± 1.57 | 3.22 ± 1.48 | 3.35 ± 1.41 | 3.31 ± 1.43 |
0.088 1.6 × 10−3 |
0.243 1.1 × 10−18 |
0.468 2.5 × 10−70 |
0.185 2.8 × 10−11 |
– | ||
| Attention (6)a | 5.89 ± 0.32 | 5.72 ± 0.56 | 5.49 ± 0.90 | 5.76 ± 0.59 | 5.39 ± 1.37 |
0.104 2.1 × 10−4 |
0.171 7.5 × 10−10 |
0.395 5.5 × 10−49 |
0.323 2.0 × 10−32 |
0.227 2.1 × 10−16 |
– | |
| Age | 67.4 ± 11.0 | 63.9 ± 7.4 | 64.4 ± 10.2 | 67.8 ± 9.8 | 72.8 ± 6.1 | −0.190 7.4 × 10−12 |
−0.258 6.4 × 10−21 |
−0.160 8.3 × 10−9 |
−0.090 1.3 × 10−3 |
−0.088 1.6 × 10−3 |
0.011 6.9 × 10−1 |
– |
Maximum score or subscore on assessment.
Correlations calculated with missing-value cases excluded pairwise, bold indicates significance at the 0.01 level (two-tailed). UPSIT: University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test. HVLT: Hopkins Verbal Learning Test. MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment Test. Visu-Exec: MoCA subscore for visuospatial and executive function. Delayed-Recall: MoCA subscore for delayed recall. PPMI-defined diagnostic groups: Asymptomatic-genetic-Parkinson's-disease subjects have a mutation, or are a first-degree relative of an individual having a mutation, in LRRK2, SNCA, or GBA; Symptomatic-genetic-Parkinson's-disease subjects have a mutation in LRRK2, SNCA, or GBA; Possible-prodromal-Parkinson's-disease subjects have REM-behavior sleep disorder and/or hyposmia.