Table 2.
ANOVA Bonferroni post-hoc analysis.
| Healthy controls | Asymptomatic genetic Parkinson's disease | Symptomatic genetic Parkinson's disease | Sporadic Parkinson's disease | Possible prodromal Parkinson's disease | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. UPSIT | |||||
| Healthy controls | – | ||||
| Asymptomatic genetic Parkinson's disease | −1.06 ± 0.67 0.82 to −2.94 1.000 |
– | |||
| Symptomatic genetic Parkinson's disease | −12.56* ± 0.72 −14.58 to −10.53 <0.001 |
−11.50* ± 0.65 −13.32 to −9.68 <0.001 |
– | ||
| Sporadic Parkinson's disease | −10.56* ± 0.62 −12.36 to −8.89 <0.001 |
−9.57* ± 0.53 −11.07 to −8.07 <0.001 |
1.93* ± 0.60 0.26 to 3.61 0.012 |
– | |
| Prodromal | −16.84* ± 1.08 −19.85 to −13.81 <0.001 |
−15.78* ± 1.03 −18.67 to −12.89 <0.001 |
−4.28* ± 1.06 −7.27 to −1.29 0.001 |
−6.21* ± 1.00 −9.01 to −3.41 <0.001 |
– |
| B. HVLT | |||||
| Healthy controls | – | ||||
| Asymptomatic genetic Parkinson's disease | 0.43 ± 0.46 −0.86 to 1.73 1.000 |
– | |||
| Symptomatic genetic Parkinson's disease | −1.99* ± 0.50 −3.38 to −0.60 0.001 |
−2.43* ± 0.45 −3.68 to −1.17 <0.001 |
– | ||
| Sporadic Parkinson's disease | −1.59* ± 0.43 −2.78 to −0.39 0.002 |
−2.02* ± 0.37 −3.05 to −0.99 <0.001 |
0.41 ± 0.41 −0.75 to 1.56 1.000 |
– | |
| Prodromal | −4.012* ± 0.74 −6.10 to −1.93 <0.001 |
−4.45* ± 0.71 −6.44 to −2.46 <0.001 |
−2.02 ± 0.73 −4.08 to 0.03 0.058 |
−2.43* ± 0.69 −4.36 to −0.50 0.004 |
– |
| C. MoCA. | |||||
| Healthy controls | – | ||||
| Asymptomatic genetic Parkinson's disease | −1.53* ± 0.23 −2.17 to −0.88 <0.001 |
– | |||
| Symptomatic genetic Parkinson's disease | −2.28* ± 0.25 −2.97 to −1.59 <0.001 |
−0.75* ± 0.22 −1.38 to −0.13 0.007 |
– | ||
| Sporadic Parkinson's disease | −1.10* ± 0.21 −1.69 to −0.50 <0.001 |
0.43 ± 0.18 −0.08 to 0.94 0.187 |
1.18* ± 0.20 0.61 to 1.76 <0.001 |
– | |
| Prodromal | −2.01* ± 0.37 −3.04 to −0.98 <0.001 |
−0.48 ± 0.35 −1.47 to 0.51 1.000 |
0.27 ± 0.36 −0.75 to 1.29 1.000 |
−0.91 ± 0.34 −1.87 to 0.05 0.076 |
– |
| D. MoCA subscore for visuospatial executive function | |||||
| Healthy controls | – | ||||
| Asymptomatic genetic Parkinson's disease | −0.30* ± 0.08 −0.52 to −0.08 0.001 |
– | |||
| Symptomatic genetic Parkinson's disease | −0.43* ± 0.83 −0.67 to −0.20 <0.001 |
0.13 ± 0.08 −0.08 to 0.34 0.783 |
– | ||
| Sporadic Parkinson's disease | −0.17 ± 0.07 −0.37 to 0.03 0.193 |
−0.13 ± 0.06 −0.31 to 0.04 0.301 |
−0.27* ± 0.07 −0.46 to −0.07 0.001 |
– | |
| Prodromal | −0.62* ± 0.13 −0.97 to −0.27 <0.001 |
0.32 ± 0.12 −0.01 to 0.66 0.070 |
0.19 ± 0.12 −0.16 to 0.54 1.000 |
0.46* ± 0.12 0.13 to 0.78 <0.001 |
– |
| E. MoCA subscore for delayed recall | |||||
| Healthy controls | – | ||||
| Asymptomatic genetic Parkinson's disease | −0.85* ± 0.13 −1.21 to −0.48 <0.001 |
– | |||
| Symptomatic genetic Parkinson's disease | −0.66* ± 0.14 −1.05 to −0.27 <0.001 |
0.18 ± 0.13 −0.17 to 0.53 1.000 |
– | ||
| Sporadic Parkinson's disease | −0.53* ± 0.12 −0.87 to −0.20 <0.001 |
0.31* ± 0.10 0.03 to 0.60 0.023 |
0.13 ± 0.12 −0.19 to 0.45 1.000 |
– | |
| Prodromal | −0.57 ± 0.21 −1.15 to 0.01 0.057 |
0.27 ± 0.20 −0.28 to 0.83 1.000 |
0.09 ± 0.20 −0.49 to 0.66 1.000 |
−0.04 ± 0.19 −0.58 to 0.50 1.000 |
– |
| F. MoCA subscore for attention | |||||
| Healthy controls | – | ||||
| Asymptomatic genetic Parkinson's disease | −0.18* ± 0.06 −0.35 to 0.00 0.044 |
– | |||
| Symptomatic genetic Parkinson's disease | −0.40* ± 0.07 −0.59 to −0.22 <0.001 |
−0.23* ± 0.06 −0.40 to −0.06 0.001 |
– | ||
| Sporadic Parkinson's disease | −0.13 ± 0.06 −0.29 to 0.02 0.178 |
0.04 ± 0.49 −0.10 to 0.18 1.000 |
0.27* ± 0.06 0.12 to 0.42 <0.001 |
– | |
| Prodromal | −0.50* ± 0.10 −0.78 to −0.22 <0.001 |
−0.33* ± 0.09 −0.59 to −0.06 0.006 |
−0.10 ± 0.10 −0.37 to 0.18 1.000 |
−0.37* ± 0.09 −0.62 to −0.11 <0.001 |
– |
For the test indicated, the rows of each cell list the mean difference ± standard error (*P < .05), 95% confidence interval, and P value for the indicated pair of diagnostic categories. UPSIT: University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test. HVLT: Hopkins Verbal Learning Test. MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment Test. PPMI-defined diagnostic groups: Asymptomatic genetic-Parkinson's-disease subjects have a mutation, or are a first-degree relative of an individual having a mutation, in LRRK2, SNCA, or GBA; Symptomatic-genetic-Parkinson's-disease subjects have a mutation in LRRK2, SNCA, or GBA; Possible-prodromal-Parkinson's-disease subjects have REM-behavior sleep disorder and/or hyposmia.