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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jul 19.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Cancer. 2021 May 5;21(7):446–460. doi: 10.1038/s41568-021-00353-1

Fig. 5 ∣. Long noncoding RNAs in metastasis site-specific tropism.

Fig. 5 ∣

a ∣ Downregulation of XIST expression levels activates epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and MET, leading to stemness, invasion, increased production and release of miR-503, which subsequently induces M2 microglia polarization and T cell responses in breast cancer brain metastases. b ∣ lnc-BM interacts with JAK2 to activate STAT1/STAT3 leading to activation of ICAM1, thereby permitting malignant cell co-option of brain endothelial cells. This also activates CCL2 and induces CCL2-dependent macrophage recruitment to brain metastases. c ∣ MAYA promotes bone metastases via activation of YAP1 and methylation of the Hippo pathway gene MST1, leading to increased connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and osteoblast differentiation.