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. 2019 Dec 17;7(3):702–712. doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwz207

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© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of China Science Publishing & Media Ltd.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 2. — Timeline of neurosurgical-therapy development in addiction. According to the modus operandi and time sequence, neurosurgical treatment of addiction can be divided into two main stages. The first stage is represented by the ablative surgery such as bilateral cingulotomy and NAc ablative surgery whereas the second stage is represented by the DBS in various brain areas. OCD, obsessive-compulsive disorder; NAc, nucleus accumbens; DBS, deep-brain stimulation; BNST, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.