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. 2021 Jul 15;16:1367–1378. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S297494

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Interconnected pathways of DR and areas of susceptibility for the elderly.

Notes: All the above pathways contribute to DR progression in unique ways. They have some mechanisms that can exacerbate the effects of other pathways. Namely, many of the pathways increase VEGF production, which could impact the role of the VEGF pathway and take advantage of some age-related changes that leave the retina more susceptible to DR damage.