Table 5. Summary of Characteristics and Comparison of LIG-Based Glucose Monitoring Sensors.

starting material	laser	functionalization method	transduction method	detection limit	dynamic range	sensitivity	ref
phenolic resin	405 nm, 10.6 μma	ferrocene formic acid and chitosan with glucose oxidase	cyclic voltammetry	–	0.2–10 mM	–	(31)
PI	not specified	Cu nanoparticles	cyclic voltammetry	0.4 μM	1 μm to 6.0 mM	495 μA mM–1 cm–2	(91)
PI	10.6 μm	Pt nanoparticles and chitosan with glucose oxidase	cyclic voltammetry	0.3 μM	0.3 μM to 2.1 mM	65.6 μA mM–1 cm–2	(19)
PI	10.6 μm	Pt and Au nanoparticles, chitosan with glucose oxidase	cyclic voltammetry	5.0 μM	0–1.1 mM	6.40 μA mM–1 cm–2	(67)
PI	10.6 μm	Pt@Pd nanoparticles, chitosan with glucose oxidase	chronoamperometry	3 μM	3 μM to 9.2 mM	247.3 μA mM–1 cm–2	(92)
lignin	10.6 μm	MXene, Prussian Blue and chitosan with glucose oxidase	chronoamperometry	0.3 μM	10 μM to 5.3 mM	49.2 μA mM–1 cm–2	(42)

^aBoth lasers were used for the preparation of LIG in this research.