Table 2.

Effects and mechanisms of MSC-EXs on GC.

Source	Effect	Mechanism	Model	Ref
p53−/− mBM-MSC	Promotion of the growth and metastasis of gastric cancer	Delivery of UBR2 to p53+/+ mBM-MSC and MFC cells by modulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway	In vitro	[48]
BM-MSC	Promotion of the growth of osteosarcoma (MG63) and GC (SGC7901) cells	Activation of the Hedgehog signaling pathway	In vitro	[49]

MSC: mesenchymal stem cell; p53^−/− mBM-MSC: p53 deficient mouse bone marrow MSC; p53^+/+ mBM-MSC: p53 wild-type mouse bone marrow MSC; MFC: murine foregastric carcinoma; BM-MSC: bone marrow MSC; GC: gastric cancer; hUC-MSC: human umbilical cord MSC.