Table 2.
Study Variables in Survived vs Deceased Patients
| Survived (n = 442) | Deceased (n = 287) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 85 (82-88) | 86 (83-90) | .001 |
| Sex: male | 194 (43.9) | 151 (52.6) | .021 |
| ED presentation symptoms | |||
| Fever | 320 (72.4) | 174 (60.6) | .001 |
| Dyspnea | 297 (67.2) | 164 (57.1) | .006 |
| Cough | 43 (9.7) | 20 (7.0) | .20 |
| Diarrhea | 16 (3.6) | 5 (1.7) | .14 |
| Abdominal pain | 18 (4.1) | 10 (3.5) | .69 |
| Neurologic symptoms | 47 (10.6) | 22 (7.7) | .18 |
| Malaise | 29 (6.6) | 20 (7.0) | .83 |
| Syncope/presyncope | 18 (4.1) | 9 (3.1) | .51 |
| Clinical evaluation | |||
| Severe COVID-19∗ | 19 (4.3) | 45 (15.7) | <.001 |
| Sao2 | 94 (91-97) | 92 (88-95) | <.001 |
| Heart rate | 83 (74-92) | 85 (77-99) | .020 |
| Respiratory rate | 23 (19-28) | 25 (21-28) | .06 |
| Maximum BP | 130 (119-145) | 125 (110-144) | .004 |
| Minimum BP | 77 (68-85) | 70 (60-81) | .005 |
| Pao2/Fio2 | 291 (228-347) | 238 (181-300) | <.001 |
| NEWS | 5 (4-6) | 6 (5-7) | .030 |
| Consolidation at chest radiography | 281 (63.6) | 173 (60.3) | .37 |
| Delirium | 41 (9.3) | 41 (14.3) | .036 |
| Frailty assessment | |||
| Fit (CFS scores 1-3) | 59 (96.7) | 2 (3.3) | <.001 |
| Vulnerable (CFS scores 4-6) | 289 (69.3) | 128 (30.7) | <.001 |
| Frail (CFS scores 7-9) | 94 (37.5) | 157 (62.5) | <.001 |
| Laboratory values | |||
| Neutrophil, cells/mm3 | 7220 (5020-9850) | 7030 (4897-10,115) | .78 |
| Lymphocyte, cells/mm3 | 1050 (770-1370) | 785 (585-1110) | .002 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.93 (0.69-1.30) | 1.10 (0.80-1.77) | .050 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 21 (16-30) | 29 (22-42) | <.001 |
| LDH, IU/L | 284 (213-373) | 276 (220-429) | .41 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 48 (24-93) | 98 (51-155) | <.001 |
| Clinical history—comorbidities | |||
| Dependent in ADL | 189 (42.8) | 211 (73.5) | <.001 |
| Hypertension | 203 (45.9) | 115 (40.1) | .12 |
| Severe obesity | 4 (0.9) | 3 (1.0) | .85 |
| Comorbidities included in CCI | |||
| Dementia | 89 (20.1) | 103 (35.9) | <.001 |
| History of CAD | 64 (14.5) | 46 (16.0) | .57 |
| Congestive heart failure | 61 (13.8) | 55 (19.2) | .05 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 17 (3.8) | 23 (8.0) | .016 |
| COPD | 68 (15.4) | 38 (13.2) | .42 |
| Diabetes | 102 (23.1) | 65 (22.6) | .89 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 37 (8.4) | 38 (13.2) | .034 |
| Malignancy | 14 (3.2) | 13 (4.5) | .31 |
| Other in CCI | 11 (2.5) | 13 (4.5) | .13 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 5 (3-6) | 5 (4-7) | .010 |
| CCI comorbidities ≥3 | 26 (5.9) | 46 (16.0) | <.001 |
ADL, activities of daily living; BP, blood pressure; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CAD, coronary artery disease; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; CFS, Clinical Frailty Scale; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; NEWS, National Early Warning Score.
Values are median (IQR) or n (%). All-cause in-hospital death was considered.
∗
Severe COVID-19 was defined as respiratory rate ≥30 times/min, Pao2 at rest ≤92%, Pao2/Fio2 ≤300 mm Hg, or NEWS >5.