Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the original develop dataset.
| Variables | One-year neurological outcome | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unfavorable (n = 492) | Favorable (n = 139) | ||||
| Baseline variables | |||||
| Age | 63.4 ± 16.5 | 53.6 ± 13.2 | < 0.001 | ||
| Male, sex | 317 (64.4) | 111 (79.9) | 0.001 | ||
| Antiplatelet | 90 (19.7) | 27 (20.6) | 0.914 | ||
| Anticoagulant | 28 (6.1) | 10 (7.6) | 0.681 | ||
| Antihypertensive agent | 155 (34.1) | 57 (42.9) | 0.079 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 148 (30.5) | 21 (15.2) | 0.001 | ||
| Hypertension | 210 (43.3) | 55 (39.9) | 0.532 | ||
| Dyslipidemia | 29 (6.0) | 14 (10.1) | 0.130 | ||
| Prehospital variables | |||||
| Witnessed | 328 (66.7) | 116 (83.5) | < 0.001 | ||
| Bystander CPR | 197 (40.2) | 89 (65.0) | < 0.001 | ||
| Bystander AED use | 6 (1.2) | 6 (4.3) | 0.043 | ||
| Prehospital initial rhythm | < 0.001 | ||||
| Shockable | 87 (20.7) | 91 (82.0) | |||
| Asystole | 206 (48.9) | 7 (6.3) | |||
| PEA | 122 (29.0) | 13 (11.7) | |||
| Unknown | 6 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Prehospital defibrillation by EMS | 91 (18.8) | 99 (72.3) | < 0.001 | ||
| EMS CPR | 440 (89.6) | 119 (86.9) | 0.450 | ||
| EMS airway | 0.020 | ||||
| Endotracheal tube | 31 (7.2) | 4 (3.6) | |||
| Supraglottic airway | 155 (36.0) | 29 (26.4) | |||
| Oral airway | 102 (23.7) | 24 (21.8) | |||
| None | 142 (33.0) | 53 (48.2) | |||
| ROSC before EMS arrival | 13 (2.6) | 6 (4.3) | 0.451 | ||
| ROSC by EMS | 64 (13.0) | 94 (68.6) | < 0.001 | ||
| Hospital variables | |||||
| ED airway | 398 (99.5) | 71 (97.3) | 0.220 | ||
| Initial GCS, eye | 1.2 ± 0.7 | 2.3 ± 1.4 | < 0.001 | ||
| Initial GCS, verbal | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 1.5 ± 2.1 | < 0.001 | ||
| Initial GCS, motor | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 3.6 ± 2.1 | < 0.001 | ||
| Initial light reflex, right | < 0.001 | ||||
| Prompt | 107 (24.9) | 105 (82.7) | < 0.001 | ||
| Sluggish | 28 (6.5) | 14 (11.0) | |||
| Fixed | 295 (68.6) | 8 (6.3) | |||
| Initial light reflex, Left | < 0.001 | ||||
| Prompt | 105 (24.4) | 104 (81.9) | |||
| Sluggish | 33 (7.7) | 13 (10.2) | |||
| Fixed | 292 (67.9) | 10 (7.9) | |||
| Initial pupil size, right, mm | 4.5 ± 1.9 | 3.6 ± 1.3 | < 0.001 | ||
| Initial pupil size, left, mm | 4.5 ± 1.9 | 3.6 ± 1.3 | < 0.001 | ||
| Initial corneal reflex, left | < 0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 3 (0.6) | 11 (7.9) | |||
| No | 20 (4.1) | 3 (2.2) | |||
| Not checked | 469 (95.3) | 125 (89.9) | |||
| Etiology | < 0.001 | ||||
| Medical (cardiac) | 137 (27.8) | 113 (81.3) | |||
| Medical (noncardiac) | 180 (36.6) | 15 (10.8) | |||
| Medical (unknown) | 33 (6.7) | 5 (3.6) | |||
| Nonmedical | 142 (28.9) | 6 (4.3) | |||
| Laboratory variables | |||||
| White blood cells, 1,000/μL | 13.7 ± 6.7 | 14.4 ± 8.0 | 0.378 | ||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.9 ± 3.7 | 14.1 ± 2.7 | < 0.001 | ||
| Platelets, 1,000/μL | 185.0 ± 90.9 | 227.8 ± 74.9 | < 0.001 | ||
| Na, mmol/L | 139.2 ± 7.0 | 138.7 ± 4.2 | 0.322 | ||
| K, mmol/L | 5.1 ± 2.0 | 3.9 ± 1.0 | < 0.001 | ||
| Cl, mmol/L | 102.6 ± 11.2 | 103.8 ± 4.9 | 0.076 | ||
| Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL | 28.1 ± 21.6 | 20.6 ± 13.9 | < 0.001 | ||
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 2.0 ± 1.8 | 1.6 ± 1.9 | 0.015 | ||
| Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 1.1 ± 2.3 | 0.7 ± 0.4 | 0.001 | ||
| Glucose, mg/dL | 267.2 ± 165.2 | 219.2 ± 95.3 | < 0.001 | ||
| Albumin, g/dL | 3.1 ± 0.7 | 3.8 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 | ||
| PT INR | 2.1 ± 7.3 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 0.015 | ||
| Troponin I, ng/mL | 1.7 ± 5.9 | 8.2 ± 50.3 | 0.139 | ||
| D-dimer, μg/dL | 18.6 ± 22.7 | 8.9 ± 15.7 | < 0.001 | ||
| pH | 6.9 ± 0.2 | 7.2 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 | ||
| PCO2, mmHg | 75.7 ± 28.0 | 49.4 ± 23.6 | < 0.001 | ||
| PO2, mmHg | 73.9 ± 79.0 | 108.8 ± 110.4 | 0.057 | ||
| HCO3−, mmol/L | 23.4 ± 30.0 | 25.0 ± 26.6 | 0.745 | ||
| Lactate, mmol/L | 13.3 ± 6.3 | 10.5 ± 5.2 | 0.005 | ||
CPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitation, AED = automated external defibrillator, PEA = pulseless electrical activity, EMS = emergency medical service, ROSC = return of spontaneous circulation, ED = emergency department, GCS = glasgow coma scale, PT INR = prothrombin time international normalized ratio, PCO2 = partial pressure of carbon dioxide, PO2 = partial pressure of oxygen, HCO3 − = bicarbonate ion.