Table 2.
Anti-viral drug properties and reported nano-formulations.
| Drug | Solubility | Molecular weight | Particle Type | Particle Diameter (nm) |
EE% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Remdesivir | Low [135] | 602.58 g/mol | PEGylated dendrimer [134] | – | – |
| Arbidol | Low [140] | 477.4 g/mol | Selenium NP [141] | 70 | – |
| Lopinavir | Low [142] | 628.8 g/mol | Pullulan acetate NP [143] | 197 | 77 |
| SLN [144] | 230 | 99 | |||
| SLN [145] | 223 | 83 | |||
| PCL NP [146] | 195 | 93.9 | |||
| Ritonavir | Low [147] | 720.9 g/mol | SLN [148] | 170–250 | 53 |
| SLN [149] | ≈ 300 | 53–73 | |||
| SLN [150] | 127–146 | 94–98 | |||
| Eudragit RL100 [151] | 150–328 | 40–94 | |||
| PLA NP [152] | ~300 | 90 | |||
| Eudragit-PCL NP [153] | 120 and 559 | 100 | |||
| Alginate NPs [154] | 220 ± 2 | 15.2⁎ | |||
| Favipiravir | Low [155] | 157.1 g/mol | Silicon-doped C60 fullerenes [156] | – | – |
| Ribavirin | Soluble [157] | 244.2 g/mol | Poly-L-lysine-PLA NP [158] | 103 | 1.6⁎ |
| Darunavir | Low [159] | 547.7 g/mol | Lipid NP [159] | 200 | 90 |
| SLN [160] | 100,200,500 | 42–90 | |||
| Hydroxychloroquine | Low [161] | 434 g/mol | Eudragit RL-100 NP [162] | 344 | 63 |
| Liposomes [163] | 100–150 | 100 | |||
| Liposomes [164] | 122 | >90 | |||
| Chloroquine | Low [165] | 319.9 g/mol | PLA [166] | <300 | 64 |
| Dextran NP [167] | ≈58 | 81 | |||
| SLN [168] | ≈375 | 78–90 | |||
| Gelatin NP [169] | 100–400 | 15–19⁎ | |||
| SLN [170] | ≈113 | ≈94 | |||
| Chitosan NP [171] | 150–300 | > 54 | |||
| Polymeric iron NP [172] | ≈ 10 nm | – | |||
| Silver NP [173] | 254 nm | – | |||
| Chitosan NP [174] | 150–500 | ≈93 | |||
| Baricitinib | Low [175] | 371.4 g/mol | PLGA [175] | ≈91 | 88 |
| Camostat mesilate | Low [176] | 494.52 g/mol | Chitosan NP [177] | 250–320 | 70 |
| Nafamostat mesilate | Low [178] | 539.6 g/mol | PLGA NP [179] | 150–300, 400–600 | 60–70 |
| Recombinant Human Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2 (APN01) | Soluble [180] | 85.9 KDa | – | – | – |
| Recombinant IFN IFN-α2β |
Soluble [181] | 19.271 KDa | – | – | – |
| Oseltamivir phosphate | Soluble [178] | 410.4 g/mol | Liposomes [182] | ≈106 | ≈89 |
| Gold NP [183] | 2–14 | – | |||
| Selenium NP [184] | 10 | – | |||
| Silver NP [185] | 2 | 18# |
# calculated as % from total mass based on Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analysis.
NP: Nanoparticle, PCL: poly caprolactone, PLA: poly lactic acid, PLGA: poly lactic co-glycolic acid, SLN: solid lipid nanoparticles,
⁎
Drug content w/w%.