Table 3.
Aerosolization of NPs by nebulization or incorporation into larger MPs-examples from literature.
| Diseases | Particle type | Therapeutic agent | GD (μm) | AD (μm) | AD obtained by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asthma / COPD/airway inflammation | SLN and NLC [197] | Beclomethasone dipropionate | 0.16–0.23 | 3–4 | Nebulization |
| LNC [198] | Fluticasone propionate | 0.03–0.1 | – | Nebulization | |
| PLA [199] | Theophylline and budesonide | 0.2–0.4 | <5 | Nebulization | |
| MSP [200] | Dexamethasone | large MSP 1.5 small MSP 0.230 |
4–6⁎ | Nebulization | |
| Chitosan coated PLGA NP [201] | Budesonide | ≈ 0.2 | – | – | |
| Sterically stabilized phospholipid nano-micelles [202] | Beclomethasone dipropionate | ≈ 0.02 | ≈ 3 | Nebulization | |
| DPPC-HA MP [203] | Dexamethasone palmitate | ≈12–14 | – | – | |
| Nanoemulsion [204] | Budesonide | ≈ 0.01 | ≈4–8 | Nebulization | |
| Lung Cancer | PACA NP [205] | Doxorubicin | 0.137 | 3.41 | Incorporation in MP |
| Magnetic-nanocomposite-MP [206] | – | NP 0.144–0.159 MP 0.701–0.851 |
4.5 | Incorporation into MP | |
| NLC [207] | Celecoxib | 0.217 | ≈1.6 | Nebulization | |
| Functionalized gelatin NP [208] | – | 0.2 | 0.5–5 | Nebulization | |
| Magnetic/chitosan NP [101] | Fluorescein | <0.15 | 5–6 | Incorporation in MP | |
| Bacterial infections of the lung | Liposomes [209] | Amikacin | – | 4.7 | Nebulization |
| Multilamellar liposomes [210] | Rifampicin and isoniazid | – | 0.96 | Nebulization | |
| SLN [211] | Rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide | – | 1.7 | Nebulization | |
| WGA modified PLGA NP [212] | Rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide | 0.35–0.4 | 2.8 | Nebulization | |
| PLGA NP [191] | Rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide | 0.186–0.29 | 1.88 | Nebulization | |
| Others | PLGA NPs [100] | siRNA | 0.262 | ≈ 5 | Incorporation into MPs |
| DLPC liposome [213] | Cyclosporine A | – | 0.82 | Nebulization | |
| PEG400-HPMCP nanospheres [214] | Beclomethasone dipropionate | ≈0.2 | – | Nebulization |
AD: Aerodynamic diameter, DPPC:Dipalmitoyl-snglycero-3-phosphatidylcholine, DLPC: dilauroylphosphatidylcholine, GD: Geometric diameter HA: hyaluronic acid, HPMCP: hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, LNC: lipid nanocapsule, MSP: mesoporous silica particles, MP: microparticles, NP: nanoparticle, NLC: nanostructured lipid carriers, PACA: poly alkyl cyanoacrylate, PEG: poly ethylene glycol PLA: poly lactic acid, PLGA: poly lactic co-glycolic acid, SLN: solid lipid nanoparticles, WGA: wheat germ agglutinin.
⁎
aerosolized droplets diameter.