Fig. 1.

The performance of automated sleep staging for various polysomnography sensor combinations, detailing rapid-eye movement (REM) accuracy, REM sensitivity, REM specificity, and the 3-stage Cohen Kappa score. The best sensitivity and F1-score, for a single sensor combination (A1, B1, and C1), was given by the electrooculogram (EOG) sensor (B1). For two sensors, (A2, B2, C2), the best performance was given by the EOG and electromyogram (EMG) combination(C2). This exceeded the performance of a single EOG sensor (B1), which is illustrated by the increase in sensitivity and near equal specificity between C1 and B1. The inclusion of the electrocardiogram (ECG) does little to improve the performance of automated sleep staging (A1, A2, B2, and Z3) compared to combinations without the ECG sensor. The Z3 combination provides a comparison to a combination that includes an electroencephalogram (EEG) sensor.