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. 2021 Jul 19;11:14696. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-94289-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cumulative incidence for HIV in females from 1980 to 2005. Median cumulative incidence of 100 simulations and the range ([minimum,maximum]) (shaded area). Red: no intervention implemented; blue: intervention implemented in 1990; green: lower promiscuity from 1980 onwards. Interventions were implemented as follows. For Simpact Cyan 1.0, the weight for the number of relationships a person already has (α_(numrel,man) = α_(numrel,woman) in formula (1)) was changed from 0 to − 0.05. For StepSyn 1.0, the proportion of male pending shorts links that are fulfilled by females (pending.short.links.fulfilled) was changed from 1 to 0.7. Model abbreviations as in Fig. 1. Figures were generated using R software version 3.6.0. (R Core Team (2019). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria (URL https://www.R-project.org/)¹⁴.