Table 3.
Cardiometabolic factors according to the quartiles of serum cadmium, lead, mercury, and hs-CRP levels by gender.
| Variables | Males (n = 4724) | Females (n = 4878) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cadmium quartiles | Cadmium quartiles | |||||||||
| Quartile 1 ≤ 0.342 (µg/L) | Quartile 2 0.343–0.680 (µg/L) | Quartile 3 0.680–1.432(µg/L) | Quartile 4 ≥ 1.433 (µg/L) | P-value | Quartile 1 ≤ 0.928 (µg/dL) | Quartile 2 0.929–1.505 (µg/dL) | Quartile 3 1.505–2.695 (µg/dL) | Quartile 4 ≥ 2.696 (µg/dL) | P-value | |
| (A) Cardiometabolic factors according to the quartiles of serum cadmium levels by gender | ||||||||||
| Age (year) | 32.06 ± 11.58 | 41.28 ± 14.54 | 49.38 ± 14.48 | 52.18 ± 13.44 | < 0.001 | 29.55 ± 9.93 | 35.61 ± 13.06 | 48.53 ± 14.47 | 54.89 ± 12.26 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 24.21 ± 3.59 | 24.34 ± 3.19 | 24.37 ± 3.13 | 24.03 ± 3.06 | 0.046 | 22.08 ± 4.15 | 22.42 ± 3.70 | 23.54 ± 3.52 | 24.15 ± 3.46 | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 83.48 ± 9.65 | 84.58 ± 8.89 | 85.73 ± 8.77 | 85.57 ± 8.68 | < 0.001 | 73.89 ± 10.32 | 75.01 ± 10.10 | 78.83 ± 9.69 | 81.21 ± 9.55 | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 179.62 ± 34.55 | 186.97 ± 36.41 | 190.90 ± 36.73 | 195.36 ± 38.42 | < 0.001 | 185.81 ± 34.92 | 187.16 ± 35.75 | 190.50 ± 37.72 | 194.83 ± 37.25 | < 0.001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 107.32 ± 28.22 | 114.27 ± 31.32 | 114.19 ± 31.59 | 113.91 ± 35.35 | 0.042 | 99.23 ± 31.47 | 104.48 ± 30.12 | 114.14 ± 32.82 | 118.71 ± 33.22 | < 0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) † | 99.5 (44–160) | 115 (48–174) | 131 (53–199.5) | 147 (54–216) | < 0.001 | 68 (33–99) | 79 (38–116) | 94 (41–141) | 106 (46–158) | < 0.001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 47.41 ± 10.33 | 47.26 ± 10.70 | 46.18 ± 11.58 | 46.56 ± 12.39 | 0.038 | 56.57 ± 14.03 | 54.97 ± 12.33 | 52.99 ± 12.36 | 51.31 ± 12.36 | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.43 ± 0.66 | 5.72 ± 1.03 | 5.90 ± 1.04 | 6.02 ± 1.04 | < 0.001 | 5.49 ± 0.99 | 5.49 ± 0.80 | 5.73 ± 0.80 | 5.85 ± 0.85 | < 0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 92.89 ± 17.39 | 99.28 ± 25.67 | 102.68 ± 26.10 | 104.24 ± 28.28 | < 0.001 | 91.97 ± 20.84 | 92.82 ± 19.44 | 96.58 ± 20.29 | 99.14 ± 22.21 | < 0.001 |
| Energy intake (Kcal) | 2446.97 ± 1116.32 | 2428.25 ± 987.62 | 2362.39 ± 939.62 | 2347.15 ± 961.58 | 0.180 | 1706.65 ± 633.06 | 1764.11 ± 719.82 | 1715.66 ± 700.93 | 1655.23 ± 637.53 | 0.0041 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 15.34 ± 1.00 | 15.23 ± 1.08 | 15.29 ± 1.16 | 15.39 ± 1.36 | 0.027 | 13.09 ± 1.55 | 13.04 ± 1.60 | 13.03 ± 1.54 | 13.12 ± 1.29 | 0.054 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 45.74 ± 2.98 | 45.43 ± 3.09 | 45.54 ± 3.33 | 45.54 ± 3.33 | 0.117 | 39.87 ± 2.63 | 39.78 ± 2.83 | 39.81 ± 3.01 | 40.16 ± 3.43 | 0.004 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 14.04 ± 3.46 | 14.63 ± 4.22 | 14.93 ± 4.15 | 15.05 ± 4.62 | 0.001 | 11.90 ± 3.45 | 12.11 ± 3.52 | 13.43 ± 3.97 | 14.14 ± 4.20 | < 0.001 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 0.99 ± 0.43 | 0.98 ± 0.23 | 0.96 ± 0.17 | 0.97 ± 0.26 | 0.017 | 0.69 ± 0.09 | 0.70 ± 0.10 | 0.71 ± 0.11 | 0.71 ± 0.16 | 0.002 |
| ALT (U/L) † | 18 (10–27) | 21 (11–29) | 22 (11–32) | 24 (13–35) | < 0.001 | 11 (6–15) | 12 (7–17) | 15 (8–20) | 16 (9–22) | < 0.001 |
| AST (U/L) † | 20 (13–23) | 21 (14–25) | 22 (15–27) | 24 (16–31) | < 0.001 | 16 (12–19) | 16.5 (12–19) | 19 (13–27) | 20 (14–24) | < 0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 116.09 ± 12.13 | 119.05 ± 14.06 | 122.06 ± 15.09 | 124.31 ± 16.46 | < 0.001 | 106.54 ± 11.88 | 107.95 ± 12.60 | 116.14 ± 17.09 | 121.82 ± 18.22 | < 0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 77.07 ± 8.77 | 79.00 ± 10.01 | 79.89 ± 10.27 | 80.42 ± 11.61 | < 0.001 | 69.66 ± 8.58 | 70.96 ± 8.80 | 74.21 ± 9.37 | 76.75 ± 10.10 | < 0.001 |
| Serum cotinine (ng/mL)† | 2.27 (0.19–10.51) | 3.76 (0.18–69.97) | 29.73 (0.24–1200.65) | 1156.65 (0.45–1961.12) | < 0.001 | 1.59 (0.09–8.24) | 1.29 (0.08–5.92) | 1.4 (0.04–6.73) | 1.60 (0.01–9.71) | < 0.001 |
| Variables | Males (n = 4724) | Females (n = 4878 ) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mercury quartiles | Mercury quartiles | |||||||||
| Quartile 1 ≤ 0.984 (µg/L) | Quartile 2 0.985- 1.508 (µg/L) | Quartile 3 1.509–2.698 (µg/L) | Quartile 4 ≥ 2.699 (µg/L) | p-value | Quartile 1 ≤ 0.984 (µg/L) | Quartile 2 0.985- 1.508 (µg/L) | Quartile 3 1.509–2.698 (µg/L) | Quartile 4 ≥ 2.699 (µg/L) | p-value | |
| (B) Cardiometabolic factors according to the quartiles of serum mercury levels by gender | ||||||||||
| Age (year) | 54.40 ± 19.90 | 45.02 ± 19.86 | 45.64 ± 17.73 | 47.11 ± 14.24 | 0.0003 | 50.74 ± 19.84 | 48.47 ± 17.15 | 46.61 ± 15.71 | 48.20 ± 14.53 | 0.001 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 22.79 ± 3.62 | 23.50 ± 3.61 | 23.51 ± 3.25 | 24.50 ± 3.09 | < 0.001 | 22.74 ± 3.83 | 22.78 ± 3.50 | 23.25 ± 3.56 | 23.74 ± 3.59 | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 81.85 ± 9.98 | 83.41 ± 10.30 | 83.23 ± 9.23 | 85.82 ± 8.63 | < 0.001 | 78.13 ± 11.15 | 77.19 ± 10.05 | 78.06 ± 10.03 | 79.38 ± 9.88 | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 181.60 ± 30.00 | 178.71 ± 34.39 | 181.59 ± 35.84 | 192.01 ± 36.89 | < 0.001 | 185.06 ± 34.71 | 188.02 ± 38.07 | 190.10 ± 38.64 | 193.14 ± 36.66 | 0.004 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 120.28 ± 35.37 | 106.10 ± 27.70 | 108.94 ± 31.18 | 114.84 ± 32.39 | 0.0002 | 103.26 ± 30.68 | 111.66 ± 31.06 | 112.94 ± 34.94 | 114.34 ± 32.07 | 0.151 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) † | 114.5 (45–149) | 121 (51–184) | 113 (49–170) | 133 (52–201) | < 0.001 | 86 (44–158) | 99 (41–138) | 94 (40–140) | 95 (40–141) | 0.607 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 44.93 ± 11.47 | 46.25 ± 12.95 | 46.57 ± 11.45 | 46.62 ± 11.41 | 0.790 | 53.73 ± 15.10 | 52.54 ± 12.65 | 52.64 ± 12.52 | 53.07 ± 12.37 | 0.590 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.85 ± 0.92 | 5.73 ± 1.01 | 5.80 ± 1.07 | 5.87 ± 1.02 | 0.285 | 5.66 ± 0.77 | 5.76 ± 0.97 | 5.66 ± 0.77 | 5.76 ± 0.84 | 0.031 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 98.10 ± 19.92 | 101.88 ± 29.17 | 99.92 ± 27.26 | 101.89 ± 25.77 | 0.220 | 98.06 ± 21.59 | 98.01 ± 27.14 | 95.22 ± 18.54 | 97.14 ± 21.21 | 0.013 |
| Energy intake (Kcal) | 1784.09 ± 680.97 | 2213.05 ± 886.77 | 2267.59 ± 945.03 | 2419.37 ± 973.98 | < 0.001 | 1504.31 ± 573.10 | 1639.54 ± 633.07 | 1723.52 ± 692.11 | 1707.36 ± 686.35 | 0.013 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.51 ± 1.61 | 14.94 ± 1.41 | 15.04 ± 1.28 | 15.37 ± 1.12 | < 0.001 | 12.46 ± 1.63 | 12.75 ± 1.28 | 12.90 ± 1.15 | 13.21 ± 1.05 | < 0.001 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 43.93 ± 4.37 | 44.70 ± 3.78 | 44.99 ± 3.68 | 45.74 ± 3.20 | < 0.001 | 38.90 ± 4.40 | 39.27 ± 3.38 | 39.43 ± 3.13 | 40.29 ± 2.96 | < 0.001 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 14.36 ± 4.25 | 13.71 ± 4.55 | 14.54 ± 5.30 | 14.93 ± 3.94 | 0.0006 | 13.63 ± 4.90 | 13.04 ± 3.95 | 13.01 ± 4.09 | 13.62 ± 3.95 | < 0.001 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 0.98 ± 0.18 | 0.99 ± 0.24 | 0.99 ± 0.41 | 0.96 ± 0.17 | 0.004 | 0.78 ± 0.22 | 0.71 ± 0.12 | 0.71 ± 0.12 | 0.70 ± 0.13 | < 0.001 |
| ALT (U/L) † | 16.5 (10–23) | 18 (9–26) | 19 (10–27) | 23 (11–33) | < 0.001 | 13 (8–17) | 14 (7–19) | 14 (8–19) | 15 (8–21) | < 0.001 |
| AST (U/L) † | 20 (15–25) | 20 (13–25) | 20 (13–25) | 22 (15–27) | 0.076 | 19 (13–21) | 18 (12–23) | 18 (13–22) | 19 (13–23) | < 0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 123.45 ± 16.77 | 120.46 ± 15.96 | 119.42 ± 15.47 | 121.80 ± 14.94 | 0.001 | 117.80 ± 19.02 | 115.98 ± 18.26 | 114.97 ± 17.14 | 116.93 ± 17.30 | 0.003 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 74.26 ± 11.68 | 77.58 ± 10.15 | 76.86 ± 10.18 | 80.30 ± 10.36 | < 0.001 | 73.46 ± 9.15 | 73.10 ± 10.09 | 73.39 ± 9.44 | 74.99 ± 9.79 | < 0.001 |
| Serum cotinine (ng/mL) † | 5.61 (0.21–967) | 8.61 (0.21–1108.25) | 12.58 (0.24–1180.58) | 17.76 (0.25–1170.28) | 0.350 | 0.53 (0.06–2.09) | 0.82 (0.12–4.55) | 1.29 (0.09–6.27) | 1.77 (0.01–8.74) | 0.002 |
| Variables | Males (n = 4724) | Females (n = 4878 ) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lead quartiles | Lead quartiles | |||||||||
| Quartile 1 ≤ 0.984 (µg/dL) | Quartile 2 0.984–1.509 (µg/dL) | Quartile 3 1.509–2.698 (µg/dL) | Quartile 4 ≥ 2.699 (µg/dL) | p-values | Quartile 1 ≤ 0.984 (µg/dL) | Quartile 2 0.984–1.509 (µg/dL) | Quartile 3 1.509–2.698 (µg/dL) | Quartile 4 ≥ 2.699 (µg/dL) | p-values | |
| (C) Cardiometabolic factors according to the quartiles of serum lead levels by gender | ||||||||||
| Age (year) | 35.53 ± 15.82 | 39.46 ± 15.33 | 45.56 ± 15.24 | 51.66 ± 13.20 | < 0.001 | 37.35 ± 13.94 | 44.04 ± 15.53 | 49.49 ± 14.69 | 54.93 ± 12.09 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 24.29 ± 3.86 | 24.37 ± 3.45 | 24.35 ± 3.22 | 24.18 ± 2.95 | 0.343 | 22.80 ± 3.69 | 23.16 ± 3.69 | 23.65 ± 3.51 | 24.04 ± 3.31 | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 84.19 ± 10.61 | 84.90 ± 9.44 | 85.32 ± 9.00 | 85.42 ± 8.38 | 0.430 | 76.66 ± 10.96 | 77.53 ± 10.24 | 79.29 ± 9.74 | 80.66 ± 9.29 | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 181.31 ± 30.45 | 185.89 ± 34.47 | 189.18 ± 37.61 | 192.27 ± 36.67 | 0.002 | 187.84 ± 35.04 | 187.69 ± 36.53 | 191.83 ± 37.63 | 201.15 ± 38.03 | < 0.001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 108.81 ± 29.29 | 111.76 ± 28.78 | 113.85 ± 32.57 | 114.14 ± 32.48 | 0.558 | 106.80 ± 31.20 | 109.00 ± 32.77 | 113.03 ± 32.50 | 123.23 ± 32.99 | < 0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) † | 110.5 (37.5–191) | 109 (44–168) | 126 (52–190) | 139 (54–210) | < 0.001 | 81 (36–122) | 88 (40–130) | 96 (42–142) | 112 (45–164.5) | < 0.001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 46.68 ± 10.92 | 46.54 ± 10.85 | 46.28 ± 11.27 | 47.02 ± 11.95 | 0.245 | 55.37 ± 13.07 | 53.53 ± 12.30 | 52.67 ± 12.64 | 51.08 ± 11.64 | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.65 ± 1.00 | 5.71 ± 0.99 | 5.86 ± 1.06 | 5.92 ± 0.99 | 0.0007 | 5.52 ± 0.79 | 5.66 ± 0.82 | 5.77 ± 0.85 | 5.86 ± 0.79 | < 0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 100.68 ± 31.07 | 98.85 ± 26.08 | 101.74 ± 27.49 | 102.21 ± 23.79 | 0.055 | 93.03 ± 19.67 | 96.01 ± 20.16 | 97.25 ± 21.26 | 97.54 ± 21.58 | 0.001 |
| Energy intake (Kcal) | 2151.62 ± 978.46 | 2385.41 ± 981.32 | 2369.51 ± 961.48 | 2404.58 ± 969.45 | 0.177 | 1781.22 ± 729.61 | 1726.66 ± 713.00 | 1701.55 ± 665.56 | 1622.86 ± 652.54 | 0.002 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 15.17 ± 1.25 | 15.22 ± 1.22 | 15.29 ± 1.13 | 15.33 ± 1.21 | 0.156 | 12.71 ± 1.24 | 12.89 ± 1.19 | 13.13 ± 1.07 | 13.39 ± 1.04 | < 0.001 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 45.69 ± 3.61 | 45.73 ± 3.53 | 45.62 ± 3.25 | 45.45 ± 3.37 | 0.235 | 39.21 ± 3.33 | 39.60 ± 3.27 | 40.01 ± 3.00 | 40.63 ± 2.90 | < 0.001 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 13.95 ± 3.95 | 14.19 ± 4.18 | 14.70 ± 4.12 | 15.25 ± 4.34 | < 0.001 | 11.49 ± 3.42 | 12.89 ± 3.72 | 13.59 ± 3.95 | 14.76 ± 4.61 | < 0.001 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 0.95 ± 0.16 | 0.97 ± 0.36 | 0.97 ± 0.20 | 0.97 ± 0.21 | 0.976 | 0.67 ± 0.10 | 0.70 ± 0.11 | 0.71 ± 0.11 | 0.73 ± 0.20 | < 0.001 |
| ALT (U/L) † | 18 (10–31) | 21 (10–33) | 22 (11–32) | 22 (11–31) | 0.699 | 12 (7–18) | 14 (7–19) | 15 (8–21) | 16 (9–22) | 0.009 |
| AST (U/L) † | 19.5 (13–24) | 21 (13–26) | 22 (15–27) | 22 (15–28) | 0.076 | 17 (13–20) | 18 (13–21) | 19 (13–23) | 20 (14–24) | < 0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 118.25 ± 13.33 | 118.00 ± 13.33 | 120.05 ± 14.01 | 124.46 ± 16.57 | < 0.001 | 109.70 ± 13.95 | 112.95 ± 16.21 | 117.55 ± 17.72 | 121.92 ± 17.72 | < 0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 75.91 ± 9.48 | 77.42 ± 9.54 | 79.20 ± 10.20 | 81.03 ± 10.85 | < 0.001 | 71.51 ± 8.98 | 72.51 ± 9.23 | 74.90 ± 9.76 | 77.43 ± 9.86 | < 0.001 |
| Serum cotinine (ng/mL) † | 2.50 (0.27–512.02) | 4.39 (0.18–817) | 13.20 (0.24–1135.96) | 97.82 (0.33–1330.00) | < 0.001 | 0.674 (0.06–3.08) | 0.84 (0.07–4.56) | 1.79 (0.01–8.49) | 3.15 (0.01–10.83) | 0.002 |
| Males (n = 4724) | Females (n = 4878 ) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hs-CRP quartiles | hs-CRP quartiles | |||||||||
| Quartile 1 ≤ 0.21 (µg/L) | Quartile 0.22–0.38 (µg/L) | Quartile 0.39- 1.124 (µg/L) | Quartile 4 ≥ 1.125 (µg/L) | P-values | Quartile 1 ≤ 0.21 (µg/L) | Quartile 0.22–0.38 (µg/L) | Quartile 0.39–1.124 (µg/L) | Quartile 4 ≥ 1.125 (µg/L) | P-values | |
| (D) Cardiometabolic factors according to the quartiles of serum hs-CRP levels by gender | ||||||||||
| Age (year) | 43.39 ± 14.13 | 46.06 ± 16.43 | 49.46 ± 15.29 | 46.23 ± 14.93 | < 0.001 | 43.16 ± 14.68 | 47.00 ± 15.02 | 51.62 ± 14.88 | 46.87 ± 15.21 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 22.34 ± 2.30 | 23.04 ± 2.77 | 24.57 ± 2.99 | 24.35 ± 3.22 | < 0.001 | 21.08 ± 2.56 | 22.08 ± 2.91 | 23.99 ± 3.44 | 23.66 ± 3.67 | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 80.54 ± 6.10 | 81.84 ± 7.64 | 86.38 ± 7.99 | 85.34 ± 9.14 | < 0.001 | 72.29 ± 7.15 | 75.15 ± 8.00 | 80.47 ± 9.57 | 79.06 ± 10.25 | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 186.11 ± 31.73 | 185.89 ± 33.27 | 192.66 ± 36.35 | 189.33 ± 37.33 | 0.016 | 187.35 ± 30.20 | 190.47 ± 3386 | 196.31 ± 39.49 | 196.31 ± 39.49 | 0.001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 97.25 ± 47.26 | 105.53 ± 27.10 | 114.91 ± 32.74 | 113.78 ± 32.18 | 0.277 | 118.33 ± 38.04 | 113.13 ± 33.38 | 115.23 ± 38.34 | 113.57 ± 32.67 | 0.931 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) † | 102 (49–135) | 107 (46–152) | 134 (53–203) | 130 (50–199) | 0.001 | 72 (37–99) | 81 (37–112) | 105 (47–151) | 95 (40–144) | < 0.001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 52.44 ± 10.05 | 50.79 ± 12.10 | 47.67 ± 11.95 | 45.82 ± 11.15 | < 0.001 | 58.79 ± 12.97 | 58.33 ± 13.31 | 53.34 ± 12.44 | 51.73 ± 12.07 | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.52 ± 0.91 | 5.51 ± 0.65 | 5.71 ± 0.80 | 6.00 ± 1.17 | < 0.001 | 5.37 ± 0.36 | 5.49 ± 0.57 | 5.67 ± 0.73 | 5.86 ± 0.96 | < 0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 99.14 ± 23.81 | 98.88 ± 21.61 | 104.22 ± 24.86 | 101.03 ± 26.78 | 0.002 | 92.30 ± 12.41 | 95.06 ± 17.90 | 100.10 ± 22.66 | 95.94 ± 20.93 | < 0.001 |
| Energy intake (Kcal) | 2344.50 ± 876.17 | 2339.90 ± 882.38 | 2340.94 ± 991.29 | 2395.93 ± 969.35 | 0.476 | 1700.97 ± 676.59 | 1741.26 ± 694.23 | 1707.16 ± 718.47 | 1697.80 ± 671.34 | 0.673 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 15.16 ± 1.26 | 15.23 ± 1.13 | 15.30 ± 1.15 | 15.30 ± 1.18 | 0.671 | 12.91 ± 1.31 | 12.95 ± 1.14 | 13.18 ± 1.14 | 13.05 ± 1.11 | 0.0004 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 46.06 ± 3.27 | 46.22 ± 3.27 | 46.57 ± 3.30 | 45.21 ± 3.29 | < 0.001 | 40.04 ± 3.26 | 40.25 ± 3.07 | 40.96 ± 3.19 | 39.54 ± 3.01 | < 0.001 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 15.16 ± 4.30 | 14.78 ± 3.77 | 15.01 ± 4.22 | 14.77 ± 4.26 | 0.436 | 12.31 ± 3.36 | 13.34 ± 3.88 | 13.81 ± 4.34 | 13.31 ± 3.96 | 0.001 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 1.00 ± 0.28 | 0.96 ± 0.15 | 0.96 ± 0.19 | 0.97 ± 0.24 | 0.558 | 0.71 ± 0.10 | 0.70 ± 0.10 | 0.71 ± 0.13 | 0.71 ± 0.13 | 0.868 |
| ALT (U/L) † | 17 (11–24.5) | 19 (10–24) | 23 (11–33) | 22 (11–32) | 0.001 | 13 (8–17) | 13 (8–19) | 16 (8–21) | 15 (8–21) | < 0.001 |
| AST (U/L) † | 19 (14–22) | 20 (14–24) | 22 (15–27) | 22 (14–27) | 0.007 | 17 (13–20) | 18 (13–22) | 19 (13–23) | 19 (13–22) | < 0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 115.25 ± 12.67 | 117.29 ± 12.53 | 121.10 ± 14.43 | 121.91 ± 15.46 | < 0.001 | 111.22 ± 14.43 | 112.71 ± 15.65 | 116.94 ± 17.28 | 116.77 ± 17.66 | < 0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 75.84 ± 9.23 | 77.02 ± 9.33 | 78.28 ± 10.08 | 80.26 ± 10.56 | < 0.001 | 71.62 ± 7.58 | 72.12 ± 8.74 | 73.87 ± 9.57 | 74.89 ± 9.91 | < 0.001 |
| Serum cotinine (ng/mL) † | 0.84 (0.26–278.5) | 1.16 (0.21–1836) | 1.59 (0.25–1064) | 26.91 (0.25–1215.37) | < 0.001 | 0.56 (0.12–1.00) | 0.47 (0.14–0.92) | 0.51 (0.14–1.05) | 3.21 (0.01–10.36) | 0.120 |
BUN blood urea nitrogen, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ALT alanine aspartate aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure.
†Median (IQR) and p-value using Kruskal Wallis test.