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. 2021 Jul 19;11:14659. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-93961-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic illustration of each spatial orientation task and visual stimuli. (A) Participants were asked to align the visual line (denoted as red lines) along the perceived direction of the body longitudinal axis (SVBA task) or gravitational vertical (SVV task). Adjustment errors in each task (denoted as arrows) were calculated as the angular bias of the subjective directions of body longitudinal axis or vertical (solid lines) from the objective directions (dotted lines). (B) Illustration of the visual stimuli on the display as seen by the participants in the optokinetic stimulation (OKS) conditions. Many dots were randomly positioned around the visual line, and they rotated uniformly clockwise (CW) or counterclockwise (CCW) around the center of the display during the SVBA or SVV tasks.