Table 1.
Nonpharmacological Behavioral Interventions: Characteristics of Included Research Articles (N = 11)
| Author, Year, and Sample | Age and Gender | Race/Ethnicity | Country | Design | Intervention | Outcomes | Key Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cade et al., 2010 (n = 50) | 18–70; men and women | African American, White | USA | RCT | 20-week supervised Ashtanga Vinyasa yoga | CVD risk factors, including oral glucose tolerance, lipid/lipoprotein levels, resting blood pressures, body composition, immune and virologic status, and health-related QOL | ↓ resting SBP and DBP; no greater reduction in body weight and fat, lean mass, lipid levels; no improvements in glucose tolerance or overall QOL; improved emotional well-being; no change in immune and virologic status |
| Cioe et al., 2018 (n = 8) | 53 ± 6.6; men and women | White, African American, other; Hispanic/Latino | USA | Qualitative descriptive pilot study | 12-week tailored, goal setting, and physical activity intervention | Perceived risk of CVD, level of physical activity using a pedometer, adoption of heart healthy behaviors | ↑ treatment satisfaction; minimal ↑ in risk perception of CVD; ↑ physical activity at week 8, but ↓ at week 12 to below baseline; 7 of 8 reached 1 goal by week 4 |
| Cutrono et al., 2016 (n = 89) | 48 ± 7; men and women | Non-Hispanic White, African American, Hispanic | USA | Quasiexperiment pre-post test | 3-month aerobic and resistance training | Physical characteristics, non-lipid blood markers, blood lipid profile, and physical fitness variables | ~25% met physical activity recommendations, hsCRP changes non-significant; tin upper and lower-body strength; improved aerobic capacity |
| Dolan et al., 2006 (n = 38) | 43 ± 2; women | White, African American, Hispanic, other | USA | RCT | 16-week supervised home-based aerobic and strength training | Cross-sectional muscle area and muscle attenuation, cardiorespiratory fitness | Significant improvement in aerobic capacity, muscle size and quality; ↓ in muscle adiposity; ↑ in muscular strength |
| Ezema et al., 2014 (n = 30) | 22–63; men and women | African | Nigeria | RCT | 8-week moderate-intensity aerobic exercise | Systolic BP, diastolic BP, VO2 max and CD4+ T cell | Significant ↓ in systolic and diastolic BPs; ↑ CD4+ T cell and VO2 |
| Fitch et al., 2006 (n = 28) | 18–65; men and women | Caucasian, African American, Hispanic, and other | USA | RCT | 6-month intensive dietary modification program | Metabolic syndrome criteria | Improvement in metabolic syndrome parameters (↓ SBP, A1C, lipodystrophy score, caloric intake and ↑ physical activity) |
| Hodges and Holstad, 2013 (n = 76) | 23–68; women | African American and unspecified other | USA | Secondary analysis of RCT | 8-week nurse and health educator- led health promotion program | Weight, BMI, and waist-to-hip ratio | No significant ↓ in anthropometric measurements |
| Jaggers et al., 2013 (n = 68) | 48 ± 10; men and women | African American, White, Other, Hispanic | USA | RCT | 9-month home-based physical activity program and telephone coaching | Physical activity and CVD risk factors | Study in final stages of data collection |
| MacArthur et al., 1993 (n = 6) | 38.8 ± 4.8; men and women | Not specified | USA | Pilot Study | 24-week low or high-intensity exercise training | Cardiopulmonary effects CD4+ T cell, and perceived sense of well-being | ↑ VO2 max and oxygen pulse; nonsignificant ↑ in overall well-being |
| Webel et al., 2018 (n = 107) | 52.3 ± 7.39; men, women, and transgender | African American, White | USA | RCT | 6-month in-person lifestyle behavior intervention | Time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, and Healthy Eating Index | No effect on physical activity and no improvement on Healthy Eating Index |
| Wing et al., 2019 (n = 37) | 49.9 ± 8.8; men and women | Caucasian, African American, Native American, Hispanic, other | USA | RCT | 12-week internet weight-loss intervention | Dietary changes, physical activity, behavioral strategies, and cardiometabolic parameters | ↑ weight loss, ↑ use of healthy weight control strategies, ↓ caloric intake ↑ physical activity |
Note. A1C = hemoglobin A1c; BMI = body mass index; BP = blood pressure; CVD = cardiovascular disease; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; hsCRP = high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; QOL = quality of life; RCT = randomized control trial; SBP = systolic blood pressure; VO2 = maximum oxygen uptake.