Table 1.
Properties of the bracket, archwires, and coating materials used in this study
| Material | Code | Properties | Manufacturer |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stainless steel bracket (Victory Series) | B | Slot width = 0.22", Torque = 0°, Angulation 0° | 3M UnitekTM, USA |
| Nitinol heat-activated arch wire | NiTi | 0.016" Dia. | 3M UnitekTM, USA |
| Satinless steel arch wire (Permachrome Series) |
SS | Size = 0.019" × 0.025" | 3M UnitekTM, USA |
| Aluminum oxide coating material | Al2O3 | Target size = 3.0" Dia. × 0.125" Thick Purity = 99.999% |
Kurt J Lesker®, USA |
| Titanium nitride coating material | TiN | Target size = 3.0" Dia. × 0.125" Thick Purity = 99.5% |
Kurt J Lesker®, USA |
| Chromium nitride coating material | CrN | Chromium Target size = 3.00" Dia. × 0.125" Thick Purity = 99.95% Nitrogen (N2) gas to vacuum chamber |
Kurt J Lesker®, USA |
B, bracket; NiTi, nickel–titanium; SS, stainless steel; Al2O3, alumina; TiN, titanium nitride; CrN, chromium nitride; Dia., diameter.